Table 1.

Essential oils from plant species and their pharmacological mechanisms on hypertension.

Plant Species (Family)	Major Compounds from Essential Oils	Pharmacological Action	References
Seseli pallasii Besser (Apiaceae)	α-Pinene (42.7–48.2%)	Vasorelaxant and ACE-inhibiting effects	[203]
Aframomum melegueta (Roscoe) K. Schum. and Aframomum daniellii (Hook.f.) K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae)	Eugenol A. melegueta: 82.2% A. daniellii: 51.1%	EO inhibited angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity	[204]
Pogostemon elsholtzioides Benth. (Lamiaceae)	Curzerene: 46.1%	Involvement of nitric oxide synthase and K+ channel activation	[205]
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. (Zingiberaceae)	1,8-Cineole (24.2%), terpinen-4-ol (20.4%), and p-cymene (15.7%)	Vasodilator effect mediated by inhibition of Ca2+ influx and release from intracellular storage, as well as an activation of the NOS/sGC pathway	[206]
Trachyspermum ammi Sprague (Apiaceae)	Thymol (38.1%), gamma-terpinene (33.3%), and p-cymene (23.1%)	Vasorelaxant effect by inhibition of extracellular Ca2+ influx via calcium channels	[207]
Artemisia campestris L. (Asteraceae)	Spathulenol: 10.1%	Vasorelaxation induced by AcEO via L-type calcium channels	[208]
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. (Verbenaceae)	Citral	Vasorelaxant effect in isolated aorta, via three hypothesized mechanisms: blockade of Ca2+ influx or changes in calcium binding protein sensitization and/or intracellular calcium storage	[209]
Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty (Poaceae)	Khusimol (8.2%), β-vetivenene (8.2%), β-funebrene (5.1%), β-vetispirene (4.8%), β-vetivone (4.7%), δ-selinene (4%), (E)-isovalencenol (3.3%), α-vetivone (3.3%), β-calacorene (3%), vetivonic acid (2.9%), and vetiselinenol (2.8%).	The root essential oil of C. zizanioides possesses a vasorelaxant effect through the muscarinic pathway as well as acts as a calcium channel blocker	[210]
Rosa damascena Mill. (Rosaceae)	2-Phenyl-ethyl	Vasorelaxation by activation of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels	[211]