Table 2.
Essential oils from plant species and their pharmacological mechanisms on diabetes.
| Plant Species (Family) | Major Compounds from Essential Oils | Pharmacological Action | References |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) and Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. (Rutaceae) |
D-Limonene C. sinensis: 92.14% C. limon: 53.07% |
The EO inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities | [220,221] |
| 62 species from the families: Lauraceae, Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Pinaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Santalaceae, Verbenaceae, and Zingiberaceae | - | In vitro α-amylase inhibitory potentials were obtained after the evaluation of Eucalyptus radiata, Laurus nobilis, and Myristica fragrans EOs. | [222] |
| Syzygirum aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae) | Eugenol | There was a significant decline in blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, xanthine oxidase, antioxidant activities, and it was a potent α-amylase inhibitor | [223] |
| Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) | Linalool, methyl estragole, methyl cinnamate, and methyl chavicol | Ocimum basilicum essential oil had a strong α-amylase inhibitory activity | [224] |
| Serevenia buxifolia (Poir.) Ten. (Rutaceae) | β-caryophyllene (32.5%) and elixene (9.8%) | Antidiabetic potential by inhibiting the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase | [225] |
| Kaempferia galanga (L.) (Zingiberaceae) | Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate: 66.39% | Antidiabetic activity using α-amylase inhibitory activity assay | [226] |
| Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth. (Lamiaceae) | - | Antidiabetic potential by inhibiting the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase | [227] |
|
Mentha suaveolens “Variegata” (Labiatae) (MSEO); Lavandula stoechas L. (Lamiaceae) (LSEO); Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. (Apiaceae) (AVEO) |
MSEO: fenchone (29.77%) and camphor (24.90%) LSEO: piperitenone oxide (74.55%) AVEO: linalool (38.24%) |
Antidiabetic action by inhibiting the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase | [228] |
| Hypericum scabrum L. (Clusiaceae) | - | The administration of Hypericum scabrum L. essential oil caused an increase in the level of GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT activities and there was a decrease in the levels of MDA | [229] |