Onset of signs of oestrus |
8–9-day delay |
[25] |
Interoestrus increased 2.8–2.9 × 92 vs. 82 days |
[26] |
89 vs. 82 days |
[27] |
Calving-to-conception interval |
On average 11–12 days longer |
[28,29] |
113 vs. 93 days |
[30] |
140 vs. 100 days |
[31] |
180 vs. 130 days |
[32] |
134 vs. 104 days |
[33] |
163 vs. 119 days |
[34] |
First service |
3–4 days longer |
[35] |
Calving interval |
2% longer, significantly prolonged—absence of or weak oestrus |
[36,37] |
Anoestrus |
Frequency increased 15.6× |
[27] |
Fertility rates |
Lower conception rate, 41% vs. 55% |
[31,33,38] |
Lower conception rate (0.52×) |
Lower first-service conception rate 10% vs. 43% |
Services per conception |
9× the average number |
[26] |
On average 5 vs. 3 |
[31] |
2.45 vs. 2.15 |
[27] |
1.35-fold risk of unsuccessful insemination |
[32] |