Table 2.

Documented impact of lameness on reproductive parameters in dairy cows.

Reproductive Parameters	Documented Effects of Lameness	References
Onset of signs of oestrus	8–9-day delay	[25]
	Interoestrus increased 2.8–2.9 × 92 vs. 82 days	[26]
	89 vs. 82 days	[27]
Calving-to-conception interval	On average 11–12 days longer	[28,29]
	113 vs. 93 days	[30]
	140 vs. 100 days	[31]
	180 vs. 130 days	[32]
	134 vs. 104 days	[33]
	163 vs. 119 days	[34]
First service	3–4 days longer	[35]
Calving interval	2% longer, significantly prolonged—absence of or weak oestrus	[36,37]
Anoestrus	Frequency increased 15.6×	[27]
Fertility rates	Lower conception rate, 41% vs. 55%	[31,33,38]
	Lower conception rate (0.52×)
	Lower first-service conception rate 10% vs. 43%
Services per conception	9× the average number	[26]
	On average 5 vs. 3	[31]
	2.45 vs. 2.15	[27]
	1.35-fold risk of unsuccessful insemination	[32]