Table 3.

Sarcopenia and IBD medications.

SARCOPENIA AND IBD MEDICATIONS
Author, (Year), Study Type	Outcomes	Patients (n)	Medication	Results
Santos et al. (2017), prospective cohort study [159]	Anti-TNF-α therapy on BC	23	Anti-TNF-α	↑ LM p < 0.0001 ↑ FM p < 0.0001
Liu et al. (2023), retrospective cohort study [10]	Sarcopenia and LOR to biologic agents	94	Anti-TNF-α	Primary LOR (OR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.07–7.69)
Subramaniam et al. (2015), prospective cohort study [158]	Anti-TNF-α on muscle volume and strength	19	Anti-TNF-α	↑ muscle volume (p = 0.010) ↑ muscle strength (p = 0.002)
Ding et al. (2017), systematic review [156]	BC on anti-TNF-α therapy response	106	Anti-TNF-α	Primary non-response (OR = 2.93; CI: 1.28–6.71, p = 0.01)
Patsalos et al. (2020), systematic review [157]	Anti-TNF-a on body weight and BMI	1245	Anti-TNF α	↑ body weight (SMCC = 0.23, 95% CI 0.10–0.37; p = 0.0006) ↑ BMI (SMCC = 0.26, 95% CI 0.13–0.39; p < 0.0001)

BMI = body mass index; FM = fat mass; IBD = inflammatory bowel disease; LOR = loss of response; LM = lean mass; SMCC = standardized mean change; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor α.