Table 1.
Characteristics of the 250 studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Author | Publication Year | Specific Study Characteristics | Country of Study |
Assay | Measuring Unit | Assay Values | SEM | Extract/Chemical Compounds Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andrade et al. [120] | 2021 | Brazil | TPC | mg GAE/g | 110.36 | 3.08 | Aqueous | |
| Andrade et al. [120] | 2021 | Brazil | TPC | mg GAE/g | 78.00 | 0.87 | Hydroalcoholic/12% ethanol | |
| Chaiyana et al. [93] | 2021 | Thailand | TPC | mg GAE/g | 9.40 | 0.12 | Aqueous | |
| Gullian-Klanian et al. [127] | 2021 | Canada | TPC | mg GAE/g | 10.39 | 0.13 | Hydroalcoholic/80% methanol | |
| Mahajan et al. [122] | 2021 | 2016 | India | TPC | mg GAE/g | 16.75 | 0.24 | Hydroalcoholic/80% methanol |
| Mahajan et al. [122] | 2021 | 2017 | India | TPC | mg GAE/g | 18.25 | 0.29 | Hydroalcoholic/80% methanol |
| Tavarini et al. [126] | 2020 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 74.88 | 1.73 | Aqueous | |
| Ahmad et al. [85] | 2020 | China | TPC | mg GAE/g | 6.97 | 1.65 | Organic/DMSO | |
| Zorzenon et al. [106] | 2020 | Brazil | TPC | mg GAE/g | 72.21 | 0.72 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol | |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | China | Poland | TPC | mg GAE/g | 22.28 | 0.01 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Poland | Poland | TPC | mg GAE/g | 16.14 | 0.07 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | India | Poland | TPC | mg GAE/g | 26.27 | 0.04 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Malaysia | Poland | TPC | mg GAE/g | 26.27 | 0.05 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Paraguay | Poland | TPC | mg GAE/g | 27.81 | 0.03 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Morocco | Poland | TPC | mg GAE/g | 14.91 | 0.24 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Egypt | Poland | TPC | mg GAE/g | 15.88 | 0.11 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Pakistan | Poland | TPC | mg GAE/g | 25.25 | 0.04 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Australia | Poland | TPC | mg GAE/g | 24.61 | 0.01 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Nigeria | Poland | TPC | mg GAE/g | 15.83 | 0.09 | Organic/methanol |
| Kovačević et al. [92] | 2018 | 100 °C | Croatia | TPC | mg GAE/g | 7.50 | 0.60 | Aqueous |
| Kovačević et al. [92] | 2018 | 130 °C | Croatia | TPC | mg GAE/g | 7.90 | 0.16 | Aqueous |
| Kovačević et al. [92] | 2018 | 160 °C | Croatia | TPC | mg GAE/g | 7.74 | 0.96 | Aqueous |
| Atas et al. [87] | 2017 | Turkey | TPC | mg GAE/g | 105.00 | 3.80 | Organic/methanol | |
| Barroso et al. [88] | 2018 | Frozen—dried | Portugal | TPC | mg GAE/g | 85.17 | 0.33 | Hydroalcoholic/80% methanol |
| Barroso et al. [88] | 2018 | Dried | Portugal | TPC | mg GAE/g | 126.65 | 1.22 | Hydroalcoholic/80% methanol |
| Formigoni et al. [98] | 2018 | Brazil | TPC | mg GAE/g | 5.54 | 0.09 | Aqueous | |
| S. Latha et al. [114] | 2017 | India | TPC | mg GAE/g | 126.50 | 1.24 | Hydroalcoholic/50% methanol | |
| Milani et al. [105] | 2017 | Brazil | TPC | mg GAE/g | 23.61 | 0.10 | Aqueous | |
| Milani et al. [105] | 2017 | EtOH—maceration | Brazil | TPC | mg GAE/g | 4.456 | 0.01 | Organic/ethanol |
| Milani et al. [105] | 2017 | EtOH—soxhlet | Brazil | TPC | mg GAE/g | 30.267 | 0.06 | Organic/ethanol |
| Milani et al. [105] | 2017 | MeOH—soxhlet | Brazil | TPC | mg GAE/g | 41.63 | 0.19 | Organic/methanol |
| Milani et al. [128] | 2017 | Brazil | TPC | mg GAE/g | 187.66 | 0.11 | Phenols/fraction | |
| Yu et al. [107] | 2017 | China | TPC | mg GAE/g | 71.46 | 1.44 | Aqueous | |
| Moselhy et al. [123] | 2016 | Saudi Arabia | TPC | mg GAE/g | 30.00 | 0.87 | Aqueous | |
| Moselhy et al. [123] | 2016 | Saudi Arabia | TPC | mg GAE/g | 85.00 | 1.44 | Organic/acetone | |
| Torri et al. [108] | 2017 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 76.60 | 3.93 | Aqueous | |
| Javed et al. [102] | 2017 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 4.52 | 0.02 | Organic/acetone | |
| Ruiz-Ruiz et al. [115] | 2015 | Mexico | TPC | mg GAE/g | 28.40 | 0.87 | Aqueous | |
| Tavarini et al. [110] | 2015 | Harvest time—9 Jul | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 75.00 | 5.77 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Tavarini et al. [110] | 2015 | Harvest time—21 Jul | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 40.00 | 0.58 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Tavarini et al. [110] | 2015 | Harvest time—10 Sep | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 70.00 | 0.58 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Bender et al. [89] | 2015 | Powder-leaf | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 17.49 | 1.39 | Aqueous |
| Bender et al. [89] | 2015 | Powder-leaf-organic | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 89.49 | 1.44 | Aqueous |
| Bender et al. [89] | 2015 | Leaf-company1 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 195.30 | 2.40 | Aqueous |
| Bender et al. [89] | 2015 | Leaf-company2 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 149.06 | 6.58 | Aqueous |
| Bender et al. [89] | 2015 | Leaf-Peru | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 60.19 | 1.44 | Aqueous |
| Gaweł-Bęben et al. [99] | 2015 | Aqueous | Poland | TPC | mg GAE/g | 3.85 | 0.06 | Flavonoids/fraction |
| Gaweł-Bęben et al. [99] | 2015 | Ethanol | Poland | TPC | mg GAE/g | 7.65 | 0.06 | Flavonoids/fraction |
| Gaweł-Bęben et al. [99] | 2015 | Glycol–aqueous | Poland | TPC | mg GAE/g | 15.50 | 0.23 | Flavonoids/fraction |
| Periche et al. [119] | 2015 | 90 °C | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 93.41 | 2.89 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [119] | 2015 | 50 °C | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 80.00 | 1.44 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [119] | 2015 | Microwave | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 81.00 | 3.35 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [118] | 2015 | Drying—180 °C | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 76.80 | 1.02 | Hydroalcoholic/60% ethanol |
| Periche et al. [118] | 2015 | Shade-drying | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 39.10 | 0.61 | Hydroalcoholic/60% ethanol |
| Periche et al. [118] | 2015 | Drying—100 °C | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 31.50 | 0.41 | Hydroalcoholic/60% ethanol |
| Periche et al. [118] | 2015 | Freeze-drying | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 26.20 | 1.14 | Hydroalcoholic/60% ethanol |
| Ruiz et al. [116] | 2015 | MoritaII | Mexico | TPC | mg GAE/g | 28.70 | 0.88 | Organic/methanol |
| Ruiz et al. [116] | 2015 | Criolla | Mexico | TPC | mg GAE/g | 28.40 | 0.87 | Organic/methanol |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 50 °C | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 65.20 | 1.15 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 70 °C | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 71.02 | 1.21 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 90 °C | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 92.07 | 1.15 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 1 min | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 71.70 | 2.25 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 5 min | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 75.71 | 1.73 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 20 min | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 77.34 | 2.02 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 40 min | Spain | TPC | mg GAE/g | 79.63 | 2.05 | Aqueous |
| Tavarini et al. [109] | 2013 | Jesi-2009 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 52.23 | 2.25 | Organic/methanol |
| Tavarini et al. [109] | 2013 | PieveCesato-2009 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 48.12 | 3.97 | Organic/methanol |
| Tavarini et al. [109] | 2013 | Jesi-2010 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 66.90 | 5.83 | Organic/methanol |
| Tavarini et al. [109] | 2013 | PieveCesato-2010 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 54.91 | 4.66 | Organic/methanol |
| Shivanna et al. [113] | 2013 | India | TPC | mg GAE/g | 91.00 | 1.77 | Organic/methanol | |
| Shukla et al. [111] | 2012 | India | TPC | mg GAE/g | 56.73 | 2.25 | Aqueous | |
| Shukla et al. [111] | 2009 | India | TPC | mg GAE/g | 2.77 | 0.10 | Organic/ethanol | |
| Alshawwa et al. [86] | 2022 | Chloroform–methanol | Saudi Arabia | TPC | mg GAE/g | 26.25 | 0.12 | Organic/chloroform–methanol |
| Alshawwa et al. [86] | 2022 | Acetone | Saudi Arabia | TPC | mg GAE/g | 2.38 | 0.04 | Organic/acetone |
| Alshawwa et al. [86] | 2022 | Ethyl acetate | Saudi Arabia | TPC | mg GAE/g | 18.00 | 0.09 | Organic/ethyl acetate |
| El-Hadary et al. [96] | 2021 | Egypt | TPC | mg GAE/g | 12.80 | 0.36 | Hydroalcoholic/80% ethanol | |
| Judickaitė et al. [103] | 2022 | Lithuania | TPC | mg GAE/g | 13.00 | 0.05 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol | |
| Sheikhalipour et al. [125] | 2021 | Iran | TPC | mg GAE/g | 30.50 | 0.50 | Hydroalcoholic/85% methanol | |
| Oviedo-Pereira et al. [124] | 2022 | Mexico | TPC | mg GAE/g | 20.00 | 1.39 | Hydroalcoholic /75% ethanol | |
| Elsayed et al. [97] | 2022 | Egypt | TPC | mg GAE/g | 21.50 | 0.75 | Organic/methanol | |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-1 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 155.00 | 6.60 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-2 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 175.95 | 2.40 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-3 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 117.72 | 2.88 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-4 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 93.39 | 4.17 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-5 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 63.01 | 2.48 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-6 | Italy | TPC | mg GAE/g | 64.39 | 0.50 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol |
| Judickaitė et al. [104] | 2023 | Lithuania | TPC | mg GAE/g | 81.07 | 9.37 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol | |
| Kaushik et al. [121] | 2010 | India | TPC | mg TAE/g | 42.00 | 5.77 | Organic/acetonitrile | |
| Tavarini et al. [126] | 2020 | Italy | TFC | mg CE/g | 71.13 | 1.38 | Aqueous | |
| Tavarini et al. [110] | 2015 | Harvest time—9 Jul | Italy | TFC | mg CE/g | 70.00 | 3.61 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Tavarini et al. [110] | 2015 | Harvest time—21 Jul | Italy | TFC | mg CE/g | 31.00 | 6.99 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Tavarini et al. [110] | 2015 | Harvest time—10 Sep | Italy | TFC | mg CE/g | 71.00 | 4.68 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Periche et al. [119] | 2015 | 90 °C | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 58.00 | 2.94 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [119] | 2015 | 50 °C | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 43.00 | 1.62 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [119] | 2015 | Microwave | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 45.00 | 4.33 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [118] | 2015 | Drying—180 °C | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 45.10 | 0.61 | Hydroalcoholic/60% ethanol |
| Periche et al. [118] | 2015 | Shade-drying | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 20.30 | 0.31 | Hydroalcoholic/60% ethanol |
| Periche et al. [118] | 2015 | Drying—100 °C | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 17.20 | 0.20 | Hydroalcoholic/60% ethanol |
| Periche et al. [118] | 2015 | Freeze-drying | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 9.90 | 0.20 | Hydroalcoholic/60% ethanol |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 50 °C | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 32.47 | 1.15 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 70 °C | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 47.53 | 1.04 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 90 °C | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 56.72 | 1.21 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 1 min | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 44.64 | 0.58 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 5 min | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 45.93 | 1.01 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 20 min | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 45.77 | 1.07 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 40 min | Spain | TFC | mg CE/g | 44.26 | 1.04 | Aqueous |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-1 | Italy | TFC | mg CE/g | 128.08 | 0.81 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-2 | Italy | TFC | mg CE/g | 150.24 | 4.57 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-3 | Italy | TFC | mg CE/g | 105.34 | 5.80 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-4 | Italy | TFC | mg CE/g | 39.46 | 0.94 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-5 | Italy | TFC | mg CE/g | 31.04 | 0.09 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-6 | Italy | TFC | mg CE/g | 28.32 | 0.97 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol |
| Andrade et al. [120] | 2021 | Brazil | TFC | mg QE/g | 71.79 | 0.01 | Aqueous | |
| Andrade et al. [120] | 2021 | Brazil | TFC | mg QE/g | 56.66 | 0.53 | Hydroalcoholic/12% ethanol | |
| Chaiyana et al. [93] | 2021 | Thailand | TFC | mg QE/g | 8.10 | 0.06 | Aqueous | |
| Gullian-Klanian et al. [127] | 2021 | Canada | TFC | mg QE/g | 71.30 | 1.10 | Hydroalcoholic/80% ethanol | |
| Ahmad et al. [85] | 2020 | China | TFC | mg QE/g | 4.44 | 0.90 | Organic/DMSO | |
| Atas et al. [87] | 2017 | Turkey | TFC | mg QE/g | 95.00 | 2.37 | Organic/methanol | |
| Formigoni et al. [98] | 2018 | Brazil | TFC | mg QE/g | 1.53 | 0.05 | Aqueous | |
| Milani et al. [105] | 2017 | Brazil | TFC | mg QE/g | 176.33 | 10.00 | Aqueous | |
| Milani et al. [105] | 2017 | EtOH—maceration | Brazil | TFC | mg QE/g | 17.16 | 1.22 | Organic/ethanol |
| Milani et al. [105] | 2017 | EtOH—Soxhlet | Brazil | TFC | mg QE/g | 19.60 | 0.10 | Organic/ethanol |
| Milani et al. [105] | 2017 | MeOH—Soxhlet | Brazil | TFC | mg QE/g | 21.45 | 3.06 | Organic/methanol |
| Milani et al. [128] | 2017 | Brazil | TFC | mg QE/g | 0.14 | 0.04 | Phenols/fraction | |
| Moselhy et al. [123] | 2016 | Saudi Arabia | TFC | mg QE/g | 40.00 | 2.94 | Aqueous | |
| Moselhy et al. [123] | 2016 | Saudi Arabia | TFC | mg QE/g | 80.00 | 4.68 | Organic/acetone | |
| Javed et al. [102] | 2017 | Italy | TFC | mg QE/g | 3.81 | 0.04 | Organic/acetone | |
| Ruiz-Ruiz et al. [115] | 2015 | Mexico | TFC | mg QE/g | 36.70 | 2.94 | Aqueous | |
| Gaweł-Bęben et al. [99] | 2015 | Phenols | Poland | TFC | mg QE/g | 2.03 | 0.06 | Phenols/fraction |
| Gaweł-Bęben et al. [99] | 2015 | Phenols | Poland | TFC | mg QE/g | 2.25 | 0.03 | Phenols/fraction |
| Gaweł-Bęben et al. [99] | 2015 | Phenols | Poland | TFC | mg QE/g | 3.85 | 0.06 | Phenols/fraction |
| Ruiz et al. [116] | 2015 | MoritaII | Mexico | TFC | mg QE/g | 39.30 | 3.00 | Organic/methanol |
| Ruiz et al. [116] | 2015 | Criolla | Mexico | TFC | mg QE/g | 36.70 | 2.94 | Organic/methanol |
| Shivanna et al. [113] | 2013 | India | TFC | mg QE/g | 23.00 | 1.13 | Organic/methanol | |
| El-Hadary et al. [96] | 2021 | Egypt | TFC | mg QE/g | 2.31 | 0.31 | Hydroalcoholic 80% ethanol | |
| Oviedo-Pereira et al. [124] | 2022 | Mexico | TFC | mg QE/g | 16.25 | 1.21 | Hydroalcoholic 75% ethanol | |
| Elsayed et al. [97] | 2022 | Egypt | TFC | mg QE/g | 3.60 | 0.10 | Organic/methanol | |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | China | Poland | TFC | mg RUE/g | 10.19 | 0.11 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Poland | Poland | TFC | mg RUE/g | 12.94 | 0.19 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | India | Poland | TFC | mg RUE/g | 6.60 | 0.29 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Malaysia | Poland | TFC | mg RUE/g | 6.51 | 0.10 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Paraguay | Poland | TFC | mg RUE/g | 5.87 | 0.14 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Morocco | Poland | TFC | mg RUE/g | 12.99 | 0.23 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Egypt | Poland | TFC | mg RUE/g | 12.50 | 0.14 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Pakistan | Poland | TFC | mg RUE/g | 7.32 | 0.04 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Australia | Poland | TFC | mg RUE/g | 9.18 | 0.05 | Organic/methanol |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Nigeria | Poland | TFC | mg RUE/g | 12.38 | 0.16 | Organic/methanol |
| S. Latha et al. [114] | 2017 | India | TFC | mg RUE/g | 128.30 | 5.02 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol | |
| Torri et al. [108] | 2017 | Italy | TFC | mg RUE/g | 34.30 | 2.94 | Aqueous | |
| Judickaitė et al. [103] | 2022 | Lithuania | TFC | mg RUE/g | 4.30 | 0.01 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol | |
| Judickaitė et al. [103] | 2023 | Lithuania | TFC | mg RUE/g | 56.17 | 2.14 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol | |
| El-Hadary et al. [96] | 2021 | Egypt | ABTS | % | 42.33 | 0.55 | Hydroalcoholic/80% ethanol | |
| Andrade et al. [120] | 2021 | Brazil | ABTS | µmol TE/g | 680.00 | 5.77 | Aqueous | |
| Andrade et al. [120] | 2021 | Brazil | ABTS | µmol TE/g | 660.00 | 34.64 | Hydroalcoholic/12% ethanol | |
| Gullian-Klanian et al. [127] | 2021 | Canada | ABTS | µmol TE/g | 510.90 | 2.50 | Hydroalcoholic/80% methanol | |
| Ruiz et al. [116] | 2015 | MoritaII | Mexico | ABTS | µmol TE/g | 311.20 | 10.00 | Organic/methanol |
| Ruiz et al. [116] | 2015 | Criolla | Mexico | ABTS | µmol TE/g | 316.60 | 11.00 | Organic/methanol |
| Chaiyana et al. [93] | 2021 | Thailand | DPPH | % | 89.00 | 0.58 | Aqueous | |
| Gullian-Klanian et al. [127] | 2021 | Canada | DPPH | % | 19.50 | 1.30 | Hydroalcoholic | |
| Ahmad et al. [85] | 2020 | China | DPPH | % | 48.03 | 2.50 | Organic | |
| Zorzenon et al. [106] | 2020 | Brazil | DPPH | % | 87.47 | 0.11 | Hydroalcoholic | |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | China | Poland | DPPH | % | 24.04 | 0.17 | Organic |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Poland | Poland | DPPH | % | 48.16 | 0.29 | Organic |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | India | Poland | DPPH | % | 21.05 | 0.08 | Organic |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Malaysia | Poland | DPPH | % | 32.69 | 0.30 | Organic |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Paraguay | Poland | DPPH | % | 29.10 | 0.27 | Organic |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Morocco | Poland | DPPH | % | 43.25 | 0.33 | Organic |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Egypt | Poland | DPPH | % | 47.04 | 0.24 | Organic |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Pakistan | Poland | DPPH | % | 20.58 | 0.08 | Organic |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Australia | Poland | DPPH | % | 20.23 | 0.11 | Organic |
| Dyduch-Siemińska et al. [95] | 2020 | Nigeria | Poland | DPPH | % | 45.08 | 0.25 | Organic |
| Atas et al. [87] | 2017 | Turkey | DPPH | % | 35.00 | 0.33 | Organic | |
| Formigoni et al. [98] | 2018 | Brazil | DPPH | % | 88.72 | 0.66 | Aqueous | |
| S. Latha et al. [114] | 2017 | India | DPPH | % | 77.13 | 1.00 | Hydroalcoholic | |
| S. Latha et al. [114] | 2017 | India | DPPH | % | 67.23 | 1.00 | Glycosides/stevioside | |
| Milani et al. [105] | 2017 | Brazil | DPPH | % | 42.26 | 0.64 | Aqueous | |
| Milani et al. [105] | 2017 | EtOH—maceration | Brazil | DPPH | % | 80.00 | 1.00 | Organic |
| Milani et al. [105] | 2017 | EtOH—Soxhlet | Brazil | DPPH | % | 87.00 | 1.00 | Organic |
| Milani et al. [105] | 2017 | MeOH—Soxhlet | Brazil | DPPH | % | 93.00 | 1.00 | Organic |
| Tavarini et al. [109] | 2013 | Jesi-2009 | Italy | DPPH | % | 87.61 | 0.66 | Organic |
| Tavarini et al. [109] | 2013 | PieveCesato-2009 | Italy | DPPH | % | 87.12 | 0.47 | Organic |
| Tavarini et al. [109] | 2013 | Jesi-2010 | Italy | DPPH | % | 88.84 | 0.47 | Organic |
| Tavarini et al. [109] | 2013 | PieveCesato-2010 | Italy | DPPH | % | 88.41 | 0.45 | Organic |
| Shukla et al. [111] | 2012 | India | DPPH | % | 72.37 | 1.00 | Aqueous | |
| Shukla et al. [112] | 2009 | India | DPPH | % | 68.76 | 0.64 | Organic | |
| El-Hadary et al. [96] | 2021 | Egypt | DPPH | % | 44.15 | 0.64 | Hydroalcoholic | |
| Elsayed et al. [97] | 2022 | Egypt | DPPH | % | 78.00 | 1.00 | Organic | |
| Ahmad et al. [85] | 2020 | China | DPPH | mg AAE/g | 13.70 | 1.73 | Organic | |
| Tavarini et al. [110] | 2015 | Harvest time—9 Jul | Italy | DPPH | mg AAE/g | 14.44 | 0.15 | Hydroalcoholic |
| Tavarini et al. [110] | 2015 | Harvest time—21 Jul | Italy | DPPH | mg AAE/g | 14.09 | 0.13 | Hydroalcoholic |
| Tavarini et al. [110] | 2015 | Harvest time—10 Sep | Italy | DPPH | mg AAE/g | 14.26 | 0.14 | Hydroalcoholic |
| Elsayed et al. [97] | 2022 | Egypt | DPPH | mg AAE/g | 3.50 | 0.50 | Organic | |
| Judickaitė et al. [103] | 2022 | Lithuania | DPPH | mg RUE/g | 48.00 | 0.10 | Hydroalcoholic | |
| Judickaitė et al. [104] | 2023 | Lithuania | DPPH | mg RUE/g | 32.15 | 0.93 | Hydroalcoholic | |
| Gullian-Klanian et al. [127] | 2021 | Canada | DPPH | mg TE/g | 24.49 | 0.51 | Hydroalcoholic | |
| Tavarini et al. [126] | 2020 | Italy | DPPH | mg TE/g | 40.30 | 0.29 | Aqueous | |
| Periche et al. [119] | 2015 | 90 °C | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 131.00 | 2.89 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [119] | 2015 | 50 °C | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 81.00 | 5.77 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [119] | 2015 | Microwave | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 96.00 | 2.60 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [118] | 2015 | Drying at 180 °C | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 126.00 | 0.31 | Hydroalcoholic |
| Periche et al. [118] | 2015 | Shade-drying | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 75.90 | 0.05 | Hydroalcoholic |
| Periche et al. [118] | 2015 | Drying at 100 °C | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 64.90 | 0.33 | Hydroalcoholic |
| Periche et al. [118] | 2015 | Freeze-drying | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 48.50 | 0.29 | Hydroalcoholic |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 50 °C | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 62.45 | 0.46 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 70 °C | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 106.68 | 0.43 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 90 °C | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 119.12 | 0.43 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 1 min | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 87.96 | 2.60 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 5 min | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 89.26 | 2.60 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 20 min | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 102.64 | 2.89 | Aqueous |
| Periche et al. [117] | 2014 | 40 min | Spain | DPPH | mg TE/g | 104.48 | 2.89 | Aqueous |
| Chaiyana et al. [93] | 2021 | Thailand | FRAP | μmol Fe2+/g | 210.00 | 2.89 | Aqueous | |
| Tavarini et al. [109] | 2013 | Jesi-2009 | Italy | FRAP | μmol Fe2+/g | 495.54 | 107.7 | Organic/methanol |
| Tavarini et al. [109] | 2013 | PieveCesato-2009 | Italy | FRAP | μmol Fe2+/g | 471.70 | 24.18 | Organic/methanol |
| Tavarini et al. [109] | 2013 | Jesi-2010 | Italy | FRAP | μmol Fe2+/g | 690.33 | 75.95 | Organic/methanol |
| Tavarini et al. [109] | 2013 | PieveCesato-2010 | Italy | FRAP | μmol Fe2+/g | 621.89 | 62.19 | Organic/methanol |
| Devi et al. [94] | 2023 | India | FRAP | μmol Fe2+/g | 154.79 | 0.69 | Organic/methanol | |
| Devi et al. [94] | 2023 | India | FRAP | μmol Fe2+/g | 149.64 | 1.73 | Organic/chloroform | |
| Andrade et al. [120] | 2021 | Brazil | FRAP | μmol ΤΕ/g | 220.00 | 5.77 | Aqueous | |
| Andrade et al. [120] | 2021 | Brazil | FRAP | μmol ΤΕ/g | 230.00 | 1.73 | Hydroalcoholic/12% ethanol | |
| Tavarini et al. [126] | 2020 | Italy | FRAP | μmol ΤΕ/g | 532.00 | 11.55 | Aqueous | |
| Tavarini et al. [110] | 2015 | Harvest time—9 Jul | Italy | FRAP | μmol ΤΕ/g | 580.00 | 7.51 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Tavarini et al. [110] | 2015 | Harvest time—21 Jul | Italy | FRAP | μmol ΤΕ/g | 251.00 | 18.48 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Tavarini et al. [110] | 2015 | Harvest time—10 Sep | Italy | FRAP | μmol ΤΕ/g | 460.00 | 15.01 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-1 | Italy | FRAP | μmol ΤΕ/g | 1510.00 | 80.00 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-2 | Italy | FRAP | μmol ΤΕ/g | 2310.00 | 100.00 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-3 | Italy | FRAP | μmol ΤΕ/g | 1250.00 | 60.00 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-4 | Italy | FRAP | μmol ΤΕ/g | 940.00 | 30.00 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-5 | Italy | FRAP | μmol ΤΕ/g | 680.00 | 20.00 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Bugliani et al. [91] | 2022 | Chemotype-6 | Italy | FRAP | μmol ΤΕ/g | 590.00 | 10.00 | Hydroalcoholic/70% ethanol |
| Andrade et al. [120] | 2021 | Brazil | ORAC | μmol ΤΕ/g | 510.35 | 8.34 | Aqueous | |
| Andrade et al. [120] | 2021 | Brazil | ORAC | μmol ΤΕ/g | 454.89 | 0.63 | Hydroalcoholic/12% ethanol | |
| Tavarini et al. [126] | 2020 | Italy | ORAC | μmol ΤΕ/g | 2231.19 | 61.31 | Aqueous | |
| Torri et al. [108] | 2017 | Italy | ORAC | μmol ΤΕ/g | 648.00 | 3.67 | Aqueous | |
| Lemus-Mondaca et al. [28] | 2016 | Chile | ORAC | μmol ΤΕ/g | 222.59 | 4.60 | Hydroalcoholic/50% ethanol | |
| Bender et al. [89] | 2015 | Powder-leaf | Italy | ORAC | μmol ΤΕ/g | 275.70 | 11.55 | Aqueous |
| Bender et al. [89] | 2015 | Powder-leaf organic | Italy | ORAC | μmol ΤΕ/g | 958.80 | 54.96 | Aqueous |
| Bender et al. [89] | 2015 | Leaf-company1 | Italy | ORAC | μmol ΤΕ/g | 971.10 | 8.66 | Aqueous |
| Bender et al. [89] | 2015 | Leaf-company2 | Italy | ORAC | μmol ΤΕ/g | 1040.00 | 25.98 | Aqueous |
| Bender et al. [89] | 2015 | Leaf-Peru | Italy | ORAC | μmol ΤΕ/g | 1071.00 | 4.62 | Aqueous |
| Mahajan et al. [122] | 2021 | 2016 | India | SOD | U/g | 79.00 | 0.50 | Fresh leaf extract |
| Mahajan et al. [122] | 2021 | 2017 | India | SOD | U/g | 104.00 | 1.00 | Fresh leaf extract |
| Borbély et al. [90] | 2021 | Portugal | SOD | U/g | 112.50 | 2.00 | Fresh leaf extract | |
| Sheikhalipour et al. [125] | 2021 | Iran | SOD | U/mg protein | 3.30 | 0.05 | Fresh leaf extract | |
| Ghorbani et al. [101] | 2023 | China | SOD | U/mg protein | 98.00 | 0.45 | Fresh leaf extract | |
| Mahajan et al. [122] | 2021 | 2016 | India | CAT | U/g | 22.00 | 1.00 | Fresh leaf extract |
| Gerami et al. [100] | 2020 | Iran | CAT | U/g | 550.00 | 40.41 | Fresh leaf extract | |
| Elsayed et al. [97] | 2022 | Egypt | CAT | U/g | 0.15 | 0.01 | Fresh leaf extract | |
| Sheikhalipour et al. [125] | 2021 | Iran | CAT | U/mg protein | 5.50 | 0.10 | Fresh leaf extract | |
| Ghorbani et al. [101] | 2023 | China | CAT | U/mg protein | 99.00 | 0.41 | Fresh leaf extract | |
| Mahajan et al. [122] | 2021 | 2016 | India | POX | U/g | 21.00 | 1.00 | Fresh leaf extract |
| Mahajan et al. [122] | 2021 | 2017 | India | POX | U/g | 40.00 | 1.00 | Fresh leaf extract |
| Elsayed et al. [97] | 2022 | Egypt | POX | U/g | 0.34 | 0.01 | Fresh leaf extract | |
| Gerami et al. [100] | 2020 | Iran | MDA | mM/g | 1.70 | 0.12 | Fresh leaf extract | |
| Sheikhalipour et al. [125] | 2021 | Iran | MDA | mM/g | 1.80 | 0.15 | Fresh leaf extract | |
| Ghorbani et al. [101] | 2023 | China | MDA | mM/g | 2.35 | 0.12 | Fresh leaf extract |
TPC: total phenolic content; TFC: total flavonoid content; ABTS: {2,2′–azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonicacid)}; DPPH: 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power; ORAC: oxygen radical absorbance capacity; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; POX: peroxidase; MDA: malondialdehyde; GAE: gallic acid equivalent; TAE: tannic acid equivalent; CE: catechin equivalent; QE: quercetin equivalent; RUE: rutin equivalent; ΤΕ: Trolox equivalent; EtOH: ethanol; Hydroalcoholic: a solvent mixture of water and alcohol.