Table 2.

Association of having seizure with the different outcomes of interest.

Outcomes	Pre-existing seizure/epilepsy						New-onset seizure
	Estimatea	95 % Confidence Interval	p value	Adjusted estimateb	95 % Confidence Interval	p value	Estimatea	95 % Confidence Interval	p value	Adjusted estimateb	95 % Confidence Interval	p value
Dichotomous outcomes
Severe/critical COVID-19c	1·78	0·83, 3·78	0·136	2·18	0·94, 5·08	0·070	3·03	2·08, 4·40	<0·001	2·65	1·75.4·00	<0·001
Full/partial improvement of neurologic deficit/s	0·43	0·11, 1·63s	0·215	0·58	0·14, 2·45	0·454	0·50	0·30, 0·84	0·008	0·67	0·37, 1·21	0·184
All-cause mortality	1·89	0·80, 4·48	0·147	1·74	0·63, 4·81	0·286	4·49	3·15, 6·42	<0·001	3·12	1·99, 4·88	<0.001
Use of a ventilator	2·02	0·85, 4·79	0·109	1·48	0·52, 4·15	0·460	5·49	3.85, 7·83	<0·001	3·51	2·24, 5·50	<0·001
Prolonged duration of ventilator dependence (≥6 days)	0·25	0·06, 1·08	0·063	0·35	0·08, 1·58	0·173	0·20	0·11, 0·38	<0·001	0·34	0·17, 0·65	0·001
ICU admission	0·91	0·32, 2·64	0·867	0·57	0·18, 1·84	0·347	4·99	3·50, 7·11	<0·001	3·28	2·10, 5·11	<0·001
Prolonged length of hospital stay (≥15 days)	0·64	0·28, 1·47	0·295	0·60	0·26, 1·38	0·230	1·67	1·17, 2·37	0·005	1·44	1·00, 2·07	0·050
Time-to-event outcomes
All-cause mortality	2·14	1·02, 4·49	0·045	1·81	0·86, 3·81	0·119	2·33	1·78, 3·04	<0·001	1·59	1·20, 2·09	0·001
ICU admission	0·98	0·37, 2·61	0·964	0·71	0·26, 1·89	0·488	3·81	2·95, 4·93	<0·001	2·13	1·63, 2·77	<0·001
Use of a ventilator	1·85	0·88, 3·89	0·103	1·27	0·60, 2·68	0·534	3·96	3·06, 5·13	<0·001	2·05	1·56, 2·68	<0·001

COVID-19 – coronavirus disease 2019; ICU – intensive care unit.

^aOdds ratio for dichotomous outcomes, and hazard ratio for time-to-event outcomes.

^bAdjusted for age, comorbidities with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic cardiac disease, cerebrovascular disease, and COVID-19 severity at nadir.

^cAdjusted only for age, and comorbidities with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic cardiac disease, and cerebrovascular disease.