Figure 2.

Liquid biopsy in UM diagnosis. A schematic representation of non-invasive liquid biopsy approaches for personalized patient care in UM. Key diagnostic biomarkers are depicted for each method (from the right to the left): Aqueous and vitreous humor biopsies provide an alternative non-invasive diagnostic approach to tumoral tissue-based GEP, revealing tumor markers such as SPRY2 and IL-1R in aqueous humor, and LYVE-1, HGFR, PYGL and ENPP-2 upregulation in vitreous humor. Extracellular vesicles: Elevated levels in UM patients’ plasma, containing disease-specific miRNAs that serve as diagnostic markers. Circulating nucleic acids: Identification of miRNA levels that are associated with UM, and utility of ctDNA analysis for the detection of UM-specific gene mutations, offering insights into tumor genetics and dynamics without a tumoral tissue biopsy. Circulating tumor cells: Isolated using UM-specific markers coupled to magnetic beads, enabling detection and analysis of tumor cells traveling in the bloodstream.