Table 2.

Advantages and disadvantages of current and emerging therapeutic strategies for UM treatment. Each row corresponds to a specific therapeutic approach, detailing its potential benefits and limitations.

Therapeutic Strategies	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Histone deacetylase inhibitors	Target epigenetic regulation Enhance immune response Synergistic potential with other treatments Specific HDAC targeting	Variable efficacy Side effects and toxicity Potential for resistance development Limited long-term data Cost and accessibility	[251,253,254,255,257]
MAPK signaling pathway inhibitors	Targeted action against a crucial signaling pathway Clinical trials ongoing Tested in combination therapies	Limited efficacy shown so far Potential adverse effects Ongoing research needed for conclusive results	[259,260,261]
Hippo/YAP pathway inhibitors	Novel target for treatment Demonstrates synergistic effects with other therapies Promising preclinical results	Early-stage research Complex pathway interactions may complicate treatment Specificity and toxicity concerns	[270,271]
Advanced drug delivery systems	Enhanced targeting of tumor cells Innovative delivery techniques like nanoparticles and radioembolization Potential combination with immunotherapy	High complexity and cost Significant regulatory hurdles Limited data on long-term efficacy and safety	[274,277]
Emerging approaches	BAP1-defective cancers: Targeting with BET inhibitors shows high specificity CAR T-cell therapy: Effective in preclinical models, promising for checkpoint-resistant melanomas Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs): Potential new targets for low-mutational cancers	BAP1-defective cancers: High metastatic risk and lower survival rates CAR T-cell therapy: Early-stage clinical trials, results pending; HLA downregulation or loss on cancer cells can limit the therapy effectiveness Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs): Need more research to confirm clinical relevance	[282,283,284,285,286,287,288]