Table 5.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with nasopharyngeal HI and MC colonization at baseline
| Variable | Total observations (N = 345) | HI colonization | MC colonization (n = 84) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (n) | Colonized % (n = 143) | OR [95% CI] | p | Adjusted OR [95% Cl) | pa | Colonized % (n = 84) | OR [95% CI] | P | Adjusted OR [95% Cl) | pa | |
| Group | |||||||||||
| HCLD- | 17% (58) | 33% (19) | Reference | 0.143 | Reference | 0.326 | 16% (9) | Reference | 0.074 | Reference | 0.273 |
| HCLD + | 83% (287) | 43% (124) | 1.6 [0.9–2.8] | 1.4 [0.7- 2.7] | 26% (75) | 1.9[0.9—4.1] | 1.6[0.7–3.5] | ||||
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Male | 48% (165) | 41% (67) | Reference | 0.761 | Reference | 0.457 | 23% (38) | Reference | 0.585 | Reference | 0.523 |
| Female | 52% (180) | 42% (76) | 1.1 [0.5–1.6] | 1.2 [0.7–1.9] | 25% (46) | 1.1[0.7—1.9] | 1.2[0.7–2.0] | ||||
| Study site | |||||||||||
| Malawi | 27% (93) | 54% (50) | Reference | 0.005 | Reference | 0.026 | 30% (28) | Reference | 0.136 | Reference | 0.152 |
| Zimbabwe | 73% (252) | 37% (93) | 0.5[0.3–0.8] | 0.5 [0.3 – 0.9] | 22% (56) | 0.7[0.4—1.1] | 0.6[0.4–1.2] | ||||
| Baseline age category (years) | |||||||||||
| 6 – 12 | 26% (91) | 45% (41) | Reference | 0.275 | Reference | 0.425 | 12% (11) | Reference | 0.326 | Reference | 0.839 |
| 13 – 16 | 41% (141) | 44% (62) | 1.0[0.6- 1.6] | 1.0[0.5–1.7] | 27% (38) | 0.7[0.3–1.3] | 1.2[0.6–2.4] | ||||
| 17 – 19 | 33% (113) | 35% (40) | 0.7[0.4–1.2] | 0.8[0.3- 1.5] | 19% (22) | 1.0[0.6–1.9] | 1.4[0.6–3.4] | ||||
| Currently attending school | |||||||||||
| No | 18% (63) | 37% (23) | Reference | 0.368 | 13% (8) | Reference | 0.011 | Reference | 0.050 | ||
| Yes | 82% (281) | 43% (120) | 1.3[0.7–2.3] | 27% (76) | 2.5[1.2–5.6] | 2.5[1.0- 6.4] | |||||
| History of Hospitalization for chest problems | |||||||||||
| No | 98% (339) | 41% (140) | Reference | 0.670 | Reference | 0.502 | 24% (81) | Reference | 0.171 | Reference | 0.133 |
| Yes | 2% (6) | 5% (3) | 1.4[0.3–7.1] | 1.9 [0.5 -12.7] | 5% (3) | 3.2[0.616] | 4.2[0.6–27] | ||||
| Ever treated for TB | |||||||||||
| No | 72% (249) | 38% (94) | Reference | 0.029 | Reference | 0.011 | 22% (56) | Reference | Reference | 0.328 | |
| Yes | 28% (95) | 51% (48) | 1.7[1.1–2.7] | 2.0 [1.2–3.3] | 29% (28) | 1.4[0.8–2.4] | 0.185 | 1.4[0.7–2.7] | |||
| Ever treated for Asthma | |||||||||||
| No | 97% (277) | 43% (118) | Reference | 0.167 | 61% (72) | Reference | |||||
| Yes | 3% (9) | 67% (6) | 2.7[0.7–11] | 33% (3) | 1.4[0.3–5.8] | 0.624 | |||||
| Duration on ART (years) | |||||||||||
| > 6 months to < 2 years | 8% (28) | 71% (20) | Reference | 0.005 | Reference | 0.005 | 43% (12) | Reference | 0.021 | Reference | |
| 2 to < 4 years | 18% (60) | 43% (26) | 0.3[0. -0.8] | 0.3[0.1–1.1] | 22% (13) | 0.4[0.1–1.0] | 0.5[0.1–1.6] | ||||
| 4 to < 6 years | 20% (67) | 42% (28) | 0.3[0.1–0.7] | 0.2[0.1–0.8] | 19% (13) | 0.3[0.1–0.8] | 0.3[0.1–1.0] | 0.039 | |||
| 6 years or more | 54% (183) | 36% (65) | 0.2[0.1–0.5] | 0.3[0.1–0.9] | 24% (44) | 0.4[0.2–1.0] | 0.6[0.2–1.7] | ||||
| CD4 count (Cells/ml) | |||||||||||
| < 200 | 11% (39) | 59% (23) | Reference | 0.065 | 33% (13) | Reference | 0.293 | ||||
| 200–500 | 28% (98) | 39% (38) | 0.4[0.2–0.9] | 20% (20) | 0.5[0.2–1.2] | ||||||
| > 500 | 60% (208) | 39% (82) | 0.5[0.8–2.7] | 25% (51) | 0.6[0.3–1.4] | ||||||
| Baseline viral load | |||||||||||
| Unsuppressed | 45% (152) | 42% (64) | Reference | 0.813 | Reference | 0.803 | 23% (35) | Reference | Reference | 0.662 | |
| Suppressed | 55% (191) | 41% (78) | 0.9 [0.6–1.5] | 1.1 [0.7–1.7] | 25% (48) | 3.3[0.2–54.8] | 0.664 | 0.8[0.5–1.5] | |||
| ART regimen | |||||||||||
| NNRT-base-1st line | 77% (266) | 42% (111) | Reference | 0.846 | Reference | 0.628 | 23% (62) | Reference | Reference | 0.466 | |
| PI-base 2nd line | 23% (79) | 41% (32) | 1.0[0.6–1.6] | 0.9[0.5–1.5] | 28% (22) | 1.3[0.7–2.2] | 0.414 | 1.2[0.7–2.3] | |||
| Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis | |||||||||||
| No | 10% (33) | 42% (14) | Reference | 0.878 | Reference | 0.413 | 24% (8) | Reference | Reference | 0.644 | |
| Yes | 90% (307) | 41% (126) | 0.9[0.5 -2.0] | 0.7 [0.3 -1.5] | 24% (75) | 1.1[0.4–2.3] | 0.981 | 0.8[0.5–1.3] | |||
| Baseline weight-for-age-z score | |||||||||||
| Not underweight | 55% (189) | 42% (80) | Reference | 0.715 | 23% (43) | Reference | |||||
| Underweight | 45% (156) | 40% (63) | 0.9[0.6–1.4] | 26% (41) | 1.2[0.7–2.0] | 0.446 | |||||
| Baseline height-for-age-z score | |||||||||||
| Not stunted | 54% (188) | 39% (73) | Reference | 0.280 | Reference | 0.658 | 25% (47) | Reference | Reference | 0.105 | |
| Stunted | 46% (157) | 45% (70) | 1.3[0.8–1.9] | 1.1 [0.7—1.8] | 24% (37) | 0.9[0.6–1.5] | 0.757 | 4.8[0.5–1.3] | |||
Abbreviations: NNRT Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, No. Number of participants, IQR Interquartile range, TB Tuberculosis, PI Protease inhibitor, FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in one second, % Row percentages are presented in the cells
Participants with missing responses were excluded from that variable: currently attending school, n = 1; antiretroviral regimen, n = 1; history of TB, n = 1; current cough, n = 1; cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, n = 5; viral load, n = 2; and duration on ART, n = 7
aVariables included in the multivariate logistic regression are participant group, age category, duration of ART, site, sex, height-for-age-z score, viral suppression, history of TB treatment, MRC dyspnea score and ART re