Table 2.
Flame retardant and TSH association.
| Author (Year), Ref. | Flame Retardant Type | Country | Study Design | Investigated Population (n) | Measurement of Exposure | Association with TSH |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu (2023) [39] | TDCIPP, TCIPP, TEP, TCEP | China | Cohort | Females of childbearing age (n = 319) | Serum |
TDCIPP (β = 0.12, p < 0.05, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.22)
TEP (β = 0.25, p < 0.01, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.41)—Group B TEP (β = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.54, p < 0.05)—Group D TCIPP (β = 0.09, p < 0.05, 95% CI: 0.006, 0.17) |
| Babichuk (2023) [38] | PBB-153, PBDE-28, PBDE-47, PBDE-99, PBDE-100, PBDE-153 | Canada | Cohort | Two rural coastal populations (n = 80) | Serum | PBB-153 (β = −0.089, p = 0.755, 95% CI: −0.695, 2.375) PBDE-28 (β = −0.410, p = 0.183, 95% CI: −1.867, 0.364) PBDE-47 (β = 0.006, p = 0.989, 95% CI: −0.111, 0.113) PBDE-99 (β = 0.256, p = 0.364, 95% CI: −0.201, 0.540) PBDE-100 (β = 0.286, p = 0.201, 95% CI: −0.032, 0.151) PBDE-153 (β = −0.214, p = 0.225, 95% CI: −0.029, 0.007) |
| Liu (2022) [41] | PBT, DBDPE, TCEP, TPP, EHDP | China | Case–control | Patients with or without thyroid cancer (n = 481) | Serum | PBT (β = 1.63, p > 0.05, 95% CI: −9.97, 14.68) DBDPE (β = −3.63, p > 0.05, 95% CI: −10.51, 3.87) TCEP (β = 13.12, p > 0.05, 95% CI: −0.60, 28.66) TPP (β = −6.48, p > 0.05, 95% CI: −17.76, 6.24) EHDP (β = −5.34, p > 0.05, 95% CI: −15.28, 5.77) |
| Yao (2021) [24] | DBP, DPHP | China | Case–control | Pregnant women from an urban region and their newborns (n = 360) | Urinary and serum |
DBP (β = 0.277, 95% CI: 0.104, 0.449)—Newborns
DPHP (β = 0.061, 95% CI: 0.027, 0.095)—Mothers |
| Gravel (2020) [46] | tb-DPHP, BDE-209, BDE-47, BDCIPP, BDE-153 | Canada | Cross-sectional | Electronic waste recycling workers (n = 100) | Plasma and urine | tb-DPHP: β = −0.362, p > 0.05, 95% CI: −1.489, 0.764 BDE-209: β = −0.021, p > 0.05, 95% CI: −0.158, 0.115 BDE-47: β = 0.009, p > 0.05, 95% CI: −0.017, 0.035 BDCIPP: β = 0.163, p > 0.05, 95% CI: −0.541, 0.866 BDE-153: β = 0.107, p > 0.05, 95% CI: −0.100, 0.313 |
| Guo (2019) [54] | BDE-47, BDE-100, TBECH | China | Case–control | Residents of an e-waste region (n = 112) | Serum |
BDE-47 (β = −0.31, 95% CI: −0.48, −0.14)
BDE-100 (β = −0.15, 95% CI: −0.30, −0.0044) TBECH (β = −0.096 95% CI: −0.19, −0.0061) |
| Cowell (2019) [52] | BDE-47 | USA | Cohort | Pregnant women in NYC and their children (n = 158) | Plasma and serum | BDE-47 (β = −0.09, 95% CI: −0.16, −0.02) |
| Chen (2019) [51] | DBDPE | China | Case–control | Adults in a DBDPE manufacturing area (n = 302) | Serum | DBDPE (β = 0.009, 95% CI: −0.015, 0.032) |
| Vuong (2018) [59] | ∑PBDEs (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153) | USA | Cohort | Mother–child pairs (n = 162) | Serum | ∑PBDEs (β = −0.32, 95% CI −0.53, −0.12) |
| Byrne (2018) [29] | ∑PBDEs (−28, −33), BDE-47, BDE-100 | USA | Case–control | Remote Alaska Native population (n = 85) | Serum |
∑PBDEs (β = 0.41, p < 0.001, 95% CI:0.19, 0.63)
BDE-47 (β = 3.87, p < 0.005, 95% CI: 1.21, 6.57) BDE-100 (β = 0.89, p = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.18, 1.61) |
| Albert (2018) [56] | BDE-47 | Canada | Cohort | Healthy young men (n = 47) | Serum | BDE-47 (β = −0.17, 95% CI: −31.5, 0.0, p = 0.05) |
| Liu (2017) [31] | OH-BDE-49, ∑OH-PBDEs (PBDE-47, PBDE-49, PBDE-42) | China | Case–control | Thyroid cancer patients (n = 33) | Serum |
OH-BDE-49 (β = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.42)
∑OH-BDEs (β = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.64) |
| Jacobson (2016) [63] | PBDE-47, PBDE-99, PBDE-100, PBDE-153, ∑PBDEs | USA | Cohort | Pediatric anesthesia patients, ages 1–5 in Atlanta (n = 80) | Serum |
PBDE-47 (β = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.37) PBDE-99 (β = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.36) PBDE-100 (β = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.18) PBDE-153 (β = 0.05, 95% CI: −0.11, 0.22) ∑PBDEs (β = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.39) |
| Kim (2015) [20] | BDE-47, BDE-99 | Korea | Cross-sectional | Newborn infant population (n = 104) | Cord serum and bloodspot |
BDE-47 (β = 0.327, p < 0.05, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.62)—bloodspot
BDE-99 (β = 0.211, p < 0.05, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.42)—cord |
| Huang (2014) [70] | BDE-17, BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-183 | China | Cohort | Volunteers from northern China (n = 124) | Serum |
BDE-17 (r = 0.459, p < 0.01)
BDE-28 (r = 0.308, p < 0.01) BDE-47 (r = 0.211, p < 0.05) BDE-99 (r = −0.252, p < 0.01) BDE-183 (r = 0.280, p < 0.01) |
| Johnson (2013) [71] | OctaBDE = ∑BDE-183 and BDE-201 | USA | Cohort | Men recruited from Massachusetts General Hospital (n = 62) | Serum | OctaBDE (β = 21.2, p = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.8, 45.8) |
| Kim (2012) [73] | BDE-154, BDE-153, BDE-197, BDE-196 | South Korea | Case–control | Children with congenital hypothyroidism and their mothers (n = 76) | Serum |
BDE-154 (r = 0.641, p < 0.05)
BDE-153 (r = 0.591, p < 0.05) BDE-197 (r = 0.818, p < 0.01) BDE-196 (r = 0.794, p < 0.01) |
| Zota (2011) [26] | BDE-85, BDE-207 | USA | Cohort | Second-trimester pregnant women (n = 25) | Serum |
BDE-85 (β = 0.33, p < 0.05, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.64)
BDE-207 (β = −0.72, p < 0.01, 95% CI: −1.10, −0.34) |
| Eggesbø (2011) [7] | ∑PBDEs and HBCD | Norway | Cohort | Women in the Norwegian human milk study (n = 239), | Breast milk, serum | ∑PBDEs (β = 0.00, 95% CI: −0.01, 0.02) HBCD (β = 0.00, 95% CI: −0.02, 0.02) |
| Chevrier (2011) [18] | BDE-17, BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-66, BDE-85, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183 | USA | Cross-sectional | Pregnant women in California Salinas Valley and their children (n = 289) | Serum | ∑PBDEs (β = 0.00, 95% CI: −0.06, 0.06) |
| Chevrier (2010) [17] | ∑PBDEs (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153) | USA | Case–control | Pregnant women from Monterey County, CA (n = 270) | Serum |
∑PBDEs (β = −0.08, p < 0.05, 95% CI: −0.14, −0.01)
BDE-28 (β = −0.05, p < 0.05, 95% CI: −0.10, −0.00) BDE-47 (β = −0.07, p < 0.05, 95% CI: −0.13, −0.01) BDE-100 (β = −0.09, p < 0.01, 95% CI: −0.15, −0.02) BDE-99 (β = −0.07, p < 0.05, 95% CI: −0.13, −0.00) BDE-153 (β = −0.08, p < 0.05, 95% CI: −0.15, −0.01) |
| Turyk (2008) [37] | BDE-47 | USA | Cohort | Adult male sport fish consumers (n = 354) | Urinary and serum | BDE-47 (r = −0.14, p = 0.02) |
| Herbstman (2008) [34] | BDE-47, BDE-100 | USA | Cohort | Infants delivered at Johns Hopkins Hospital (n = 297) | Serum |
BDE-47 (β = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.78)
BDE-100 (β = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.82) |
| Julander (2005) [35] | BDE-99, BDE-154 | Sweden | Cohort | Personnel working with electronic dismantling (n = 19) | Serum |
BDE-99 (r = 0.79 p = 0.036)
BDE-154 (r = 0.80 p = 0.031) |
| Bahn (1980) [32] | PBB | USA | Cohort | Workers from a PBB manufacturing plant (n = 86) | Serum | PBB (p = 0.006) |
Bolded studies indicate statistically significant findings.