Table 4.

Antifungal activity of various parts of O. europaea: summary of research findings.

Part Used	Extract	Strains	Method	Key Results	Reference
Seed	Vegetal extract	Candida albicans Candida glabrata Candida dubliniensis Candida parapsilosis Candida kreusei Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus niger Aspergillus flavus Alternaria alternata Botrytis cinerea Fusarium moniliform Mauginiella scaettae Magnaporthe grisea Penicillium digitatum Trichothecium roseum Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Disc diffusion Micro-dilution Trypan blue exclusion method Fluorescent dye exclusion method	Ethyl acetate extract Ø = 10–35 mm Methanolic extract Ø = 9–19 mm	[146]
Fruit	Vegetable oil			MIC = 100–400 µg/mL MFC = 808–1260 µg/mL	[140,147,148]
	Vegetal extract			Aqueous extract Ø = 7–13 mm	[142]
Leaves	Essential oil			ZOI = 7–17 mm MIC = 250–1250 µg/mL	[115]
	Vegetal extract			Aqueous extract Ø = 16–19 mm Ethanolic extract Ø = 12.5–25 mm MIC* = 4687 µg/mL MIC* = 6250 µg/mL	[13,134,135,136,149,150]

Ø = zone of inhibition; MIC = minimum inhibition concentration; MFC = minimum fungicidal concentration; MIC* = concentration yielding 80% growth inhibition compared to the growth in extract-free medium.