Table 2.
Proprioception in children with ASD, children with cerebral palsy and their typically developing peers. Non-parametric one-way ANOVA tests on ranks (Kruskal–Wallis), with post hoc pair-wise comparisons (p value), for the factor GROUP (ASD vs. CP vs. TPD). ASD: Autism spectrum disorders, CP: Cerebral palsy, TDPs: Typically developing peers. * p < 0.05.
| Children with ASD (n = 42) |
Children with CP (n = 34) |
TDPs (n = 50) |
Statistical Effects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p Value/Effect Size | |
| Proprioception task (Nottingham Sensory Assessment) |
7.94 (0.24) | 6.14 (2.48) * | 8.00 (0.00) | ASD-TDP: p = 0.720/d = 0.34 CP-TDP: p < 0.001/d = 1.03 ASD-CP: p < 0.001/d = 0.98 |
| Joint Position Error (° of error) |
23.39 (25.40) | 27.32 (29.91) | 17.95 (15.82) | ASD-TDP: p = 0.684/d = 0.26 CP-TDP: p < 0.231/d = 0.39 ASD-CP: p < 0.439/d = 0.14 |
| Proprioceptive reactive behavior (Short Sensory Profile) |
12.98 (2.91) | 10.73 (3.29) * | 12.08 (3.46) | ASD-TDP: p = 0.124/d = 0.27 CP-TDP: p = 0.054/d = 0.40 ASD-CP: p = 0.002/d = 0.73 |