Anti-inflammatory effects of YC-1102 via direct suppression of macrophages. (A) Hepatic mRNA transcriptions of Tnfa, Il6, F4/80, and Mcp1 were analyzed using qRT-PCR. n = 5 for each group. *** p < 0.001 vs. chow with vehicle; ### p < 0.001 vs. NASH with vehicle. (B) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of F4/80 for sectioned livers. (C) Primary BMDMs were stimulated with LPS after YC-1102 treatment. mRNA transcriptions of Tnfa, Il6, Il12, and Il1b in primary BMDMs were analyzed using qRT-PCR. n = 3 for each group. ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 versus Ctrl; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 vs. LPS with vehicle. The data represent mean ± SD. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test.