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Carotenoids activate the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Cells were treated for 3 h with the studied carotenoids (2.5–5 µM). At the end of treatment, Nrf2 (A) and Keap1 (B) protein expression were determined using western blotting. Data are expressed as Nrf2/β-Actin or Keap1/β-Actin ratio and shown as mean ± SD of three independent experiments (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 vs. untreated cells, one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test).
