Table 4.
Reports of AFs occurrence in food commodities over the last ten years.
| Food | Country | Percentage of Contaminated Samples | Mycotoxin | Concentration (μg/kg) |
Method of Detection |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cereal-based baby foods | Brazil | 5% of 60 | AFB1 | 2.8 | LC-MS/MS | [95] |
| Cereals | Croatia | 3.4% of 89 | AFB1 | 9.0 | HPLC-MS/MS | [96] |
| Dried Fruits | Iran | 56.8% of 88 | AFB1 | 0.3 to 8.4 | HPLC-FLD | [97] |
| Dry Fruits | Pakistan | 86.7% of 52 | AFTotal | 0.0242 | HPLC-FLD | [98] |
| Durum Wheat | Tunisia | 54.44% of 90 | AFB2 | 0.12–0.58 | HPLC-FLD | [99] |
| Maize flour | Iran | 80.0% of 10 | AFB1 | <LOQ–1060 | UHPLC-MS/MS | [100] |
| Maize | Brazil | 25.7 and 7.4% of 148 | AFB1 and AFG1 | 0.5 to 49.9 | HPLC-MS/MS | [101] |
| Maize | Korea | 13.6% of 66 | AFB1 | 0.02 to 0.48 | HPLC | [102] |
| Maize flour | Italy | 26.0% of 50 | AFB1 | 0.17 to 3.75 | HPLC-FLD | [103] |
| Maize | Haiti | 55.0% of 20 | Sum of AFs | 185.9 ± 303.9 | HPLC-DAD | [104] |
| Maize | Zimbabwe | 23.7% of 338 | AFB1 | 0.57 to 26.6 | ELISA | [105] |
| Maize | Ethiopia | 8% of 100 | AFB1 | 26.6 | HPLC-MS/MS | [106] |
| Maize | Serbia | 57.2% of 360 | AFB1 | 1.3 to 88.8 | HPLC-FLD | [107] |
| Maize | Uganda | 25.8 (256) | AFTotal | 0 to 3760 | TLC | [108] |
| Maize | Kenya | 100% | Sum of AFs | 2.14 to 411 | UHPLC-FLD | [109] |
| Fermented meat products | Croatia | 8.3 and 58.3% of 180 | AFB1and OTA | <0.05–7.83 | HPLC-FLD | [110] |
| Infant formulae | Mexico | 20% of 55 | AFM1 | 0.040 to 0.450 | HPLC | [111] |
| Milk | China | 80% | AFM1 | 0.005 to 0.10 | ELISA and HPLC-MS/MS | [112] |
| Milk | Lebanon | 58% | AFM1 | 0.011 to 7.350 | HPLC | [113] |
| Milk | Nigeria | 100% of 25 | AFM1 | 0.081 | LC-MS/MS | [114] |
| Wheat | China | 6.2% of 178 | AFB1 | 0.03 to 0.12 | HPLC-MS/MS | [115] |
| Nuts | Zimbabwe | 12.5% of 208 | AFB1 | 0.7 to 175.9 | HPLC-FLD | [116] |
| Rice | Ecuador | 7.0% of 230 | AFB1 | 4.9 to 47.4 | HPLC-FLD | [117] |
| Rice | Pakistan | 18.4% of 1027 | AFB1 | 1.1 to 32.9 | HPLC-DAD | [118] |
| Rice | Brazil | 11.2% of 187 | AFB1 | 63.32 | HPLC-FLD | [119] |
| Sorghum | Ethiopia | 94.4% of 90 | AFB1 | 33.1 | ELISA | [120] |
| Spices, herbs, and nuts | Lebanon | 100, 20.4, and 98.6% of 198 | AFB1 | 0.97, 0.27, and 0.40 | HPLC | [121] |
| Vegetable oil | Sri Lanka | 34% | Sum of AFs | 4.0 | HPLC-FLD | [122] |