Table 1.

Summary of immunotherapeutic strategies, their intervention, and therapeutic effect.

Immunotherapy	Intervention	Therapeutic Effect
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and γδ T-cells	Targeting CSCs	Ideal for BCSCs [90]; promotes specific elimination [91]
DC-based vaccines	Targeting CSCs	Specifically targets BCSCs [93]; promotes specific elimination
Adoptive T-cell therapy	TIL isolation, culturing, and reinfusion	Enhances antitumor immunity through T-cell activation [92]
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT)	Immunogenic cell death and T-cell activation	Induces antitumor immunity via immunogenic cell death [92]
Combination with other immunotherapies	Various immunotherapies combined	Synergistic effect utilizing oncolytic viruses, DC-based vaccines, and checkpoint blockades