Table 1.

Comparison of gamma, electron beam, and UV radiation for hydrogel synthesis: advantages, disadvantages, applications, and dose ranges.

Synthesis Method	Example	Advantage	Disadvantage	Application in Different Field	Dose Range (KGy)	Ref.
Gama radiation synthesis	Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)	Precise crosslinking	Requires specialized facilities	Biomedical: drug delivery systems, tissue engineering	10–25	[54,55]
				Agriculture: soil conditioning, water retention
				Environmental: wastewater treatment
				Industrial: smart materials, sensors
Electron beam irradiation	Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)	Controlled crosslinking	High equipment costs	Biomedical: tissue scaffolds, wound dressings	10–50	[56,57]
				Food Packaging: enhanced barrier properties, extended shelf life
				Environmental: pollutant removal, water treatment
				Industrial: tailored materials, coatings
UV light irradiation	Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)	Cost-effective	Limited depth penetration	Biomedical: photo responsive hydrogels, drug release systems	N/A	[58,59]
				Adhesives: quick curing
				Coatings: surface modification for bio applications.