Table 4.
Characteristics of eligible combined modality intervention studies.
| Author(s), Date | Population | Anxiety Measure | Interventions | N | Mean (SD) Pre-intervention Score | Mean (SD) Post-intervention Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change to Combined Modality Interventions versus Control | ||||||
| McWhorter and Gil-Rivas, 2014 | Undergraduate students 32F, 16 M Mean age 23.53 [8.39] years |
STAI 4-point Likert scale | Functional relaxation (Directed body relaxation upon exhalation) 15 min Audio recording |
26 | 1.52 (0.66) | 1.46 (0.73) |
| Quiet sitting 15 min |
22 | 1.70 (0.66) | 1.56 (0.64) | |||
| Nien et al., 2023 | Track and field athletes 8F, 27 M Mean age 20.63 [2.43] years |
STAI-Chinese version | Relaxation (Change to breath and body) 30 min Audio recording |
35 | 36.94 (9.51) | 32.00 (8.66) |
| Quiet sitting 30 min |
35 | 34.86 (8.03) | 34.06 (9.40) | |||
| Attention to Combined Modality Interventions versus Control | ||||||
| Zeidan et al., 2010 | Undergraduate students 48F, 34 M Median age 19 years |
STAI | Mindfulness (Attention to breathing and cognition) 20 min Live training* |
29 | 40.93 (8.47) | 31.66 (7.25) |
| Sitting 20 min |
26 | 35.19 (10.47) | 36.0 (12.41) | |||
| Bellosta-Batalla et al., 2020 | Undergraduate and postgraduate students 51F, 17 M Mean age 24.0 [5.0] years |
STAI-Spanish version | Brief mindfulness (attention to breath and body) 90 min Facilitator-led |
42 | 17.24 (9.86) | 10.83 (7.87) |
| Empathy and creativity exercise 90 min |
26 | 16.23 (9.94) | 15.65 (10.15) | |||
| Nien et al., 2023 | Track and field athletes 8F, 27 M Mean age 20.63 [2.43] years |
STAI-Chinese version | Mindfulness (attention to breath, body and cognition) 30 min Audio recording |
35 | 37.83 (10.82) | 31.31 (9.44) |
| Quiet sitting 30 min |
35 | 34.86 (8.03) | 34.06 (9.40) | |||
STAI, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Version; STICSA-S, State-Trait Inventory of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety-State Somatic Version. *Live-training-facilitator/experimenter present in session to instruct, teach and demonstrate technique to participants.