Table 4.

Characteristics of eligible combined modality intervention studies.

Author(s), Date	Population	Anxiety Measure	Interventions	N	Mean (SD) Pre-intervention Score	Mean (SD) Post-intervention Score
Change to Combined Modality Interventions versus Control
McWhorter and Gil-Rivas, 2014	Undergraduate students 32F, 16 M Mean age 23.53 [8.39] years	STAI 4-point Likert scale	Functional relaxation (Directed body relaxation upon exhalation) 15 min Audio recording	26	1.52 (0.66)	1.46 (0.73)
			Quiet sitting 15 min	22	1.70 (0.66)	1.56 (0.64)
Nien et al., 2023	Track and field athletes 8F, 27 M Mean age 20.63 [2.43] years	STAI-Chinese version	Relaxation (Change to breath and body) 30 min Audio recording	35	36.94 (9.51)	32.00 (8.66)
			Quiet sitting 30 min	35	34.86 (8.03)	34.06 (9.40)
Attention to Combined Modality Interventions versus Control
Zeidan et al., 2010	Undergraduate students 48F, 34 M Median age 19 years	STAI	Mindfulness (Attention to breathing and cognition) 20 min Live training*	29	40.93 (8.47)	31.66 (7.25)
			Sitting 20 min	26	35.19 (10.47)	36.0 (12.41)
Bellosta-Batalla et al., 2020	Undergraduate and postgraduate students 51F, 17 M Mean age 24.0 [5.0] years	STAI-Spanish version	Brief mindfulness (attention to breath and body) 90 min Facilitator-led	42	17.24 (9.86)	10.83 (7.87)
			Empathy and creativity exercise 90 min	26	16.23 (9.94)	15.65 (10.15)
Nien et al., 2023	Track and field athletes 8F, 27 M Mean age 20.63 [2.43] years	STAI-Chinese version	Mindfulness (attention to breath, body and cognition) 30 min Audio recording	35	37.83 (10.82)	31.31 (9.44)
			Quiet sitting 30 min	35	34.86 (8.03)	34.06 (9.40)

STAI, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Version; STICSA-S, State-Trait Inventory of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety-State Somatic Version. *Live-training-facilitator/experimenter present in session to instruct, teach and demonstrate technique to participants.