Table 3.
Adjusted ordinal regression model of the association between the experience of discrimination and oral health self-perception adjusted for biological, behavioral, and psychosocial factors and variables related to the use and availability of healthcare services, social and material circumstances, and socioeconomic position. National Health Survey. Brazil. 2013 (n = 60,188).
| Oral Health Self-Perception | ||
|---|---|---|
| Variables | Very Poor + Poor + Fair | Very Poor + Poor |
| OR (95% IC) | OR (95% IC) | |
| Experience of discrimination | ||
| Suffered discrimination of any kind | 1.39 (1.26; 1.52) | 1.28 (1.07; 1.54) |
| Socioeconomic position | ||
| Female versus male | 0.82 (0.76; 0.89) | 0.90 (0.79; 1.02) |
| Race/skin color black versus white | 1.30 (1.15; 1.47) | 1.21 (0.96; 1.52) |
| Race/skin color brown versus white | 1.25 (1.16;1.34) | 1.10 (0.95; 1.27) |
| Race/skin color yellow/indigenous versus white | 1.52 (1.16; 2.00) | 0.77 (0.49; 1.19) |
| Per capita income ½ to 1 MW versus <1/2 MW | 0.87 (0.80; 0.94) | 0.87 (0.80; 0.94) |
| Per capita income 1 to 2 MW versus <1/2 MW | 0.74 (0.67; 0.81) | 0.74 (0.67; 0.81) |
| Per capita income 2 to 3 MW versus <1/2 MW | 0.70 (0.62; 0.81) | 0.70 (0.62; 0.81) |
| Per capita income >3 MW versus <1/2 MW | 0.51 (0.44; 0.59) | 0.51 (0.44; 0.59) |
| 1 to 4 years of study versus never studied | 0.92 (0.80; 1.06) | 0.78 (0.63; 0.97) |
| 5 to 8 years of study versus never studied | 1.04 (0.91; 1.19) | 1.03 (0.83; 1.27) |
| 9 to 11 years of study versus never studied | 1.00 (0.86; 1.16) | 0.91 (0.71; 1.17) |
| >12 years of study versus never studied | 0.70 (0.59; 0.84) | 0.79 (0.58; 1.06) |
| Material and Social Circumstances | ||
| Absence of indoor plumbing | 1.15 (1.01; 1.30) | 1.15 (1.01; 1.30) |
| Septic rank versus general or rainwater sewage system | 1.10 (1.01; 1.20) | 1.10 (1.01; 1.20) |
| Rudimentary cesspit + ditch + direct sewage into the river, lake, or sea + other versus general or rainwater sewage system | 1.14 (1.05; 1.25) | 1.14 (1.05; 1.25) |
| Does not have a bathroom | 1.24 (1.05; 1.46) | 1.24 (1.05; 1.46) |
| Use and availability of healthcare services | ||
| Did not have a private dental health insurance plan | 1.27 (1.16; 1.38) | 1.27 (1.16; 1.38) |
| Used oral healthcare services 1 to <2 years versus the last year | 1.24 (1.14; 1.36) | 1.00 (0.82; 1.22) |
| Used oral healthcare services 2 to <3 years versus the last year | 1.22 (1.09; 1.36) | 1.10 (0.88; 1.37) |
| Used oral healthcare services ≥ 3 years versus the last year | 1.28 (1.16; 1.40) | 1.50 (1.26; 1.77) |
| Never used the oral health service versus used the service the last year | 1.25 (1.06; 1.48) | 2.07 (1.57; 2.73) |
| Psychosocial factors | ||
| Engaged in artistic or sports activities in group not once in the last year versus any time in the last year | 1.09 (0.99; 1.19) | 1.09 (0.99; 1.19) |
| Did not participate in meetings of associations, community movements, academic centers, or similar in the last year versus participated any time in the last year | 0.93 (0.85; 1.02) | 0.93 (0.85; 1.02) |
| Was not involved in volunteer work in the last year versus involved any time in the last year | 1.03 (0,92; 1.15) | 1.01 (0.91; 1.12) |
| Did not participate in religious activities in the last year versus participated any time in the last year | 1.00 (0.93; 1.08) | 1.21 (1.00; 1.38) |
| Lost interest or pleasure in doing things someday versus no day in the past two weeks | 1.26 (1.15; 1.38) | 1.26 (1.15; 1.38) |
| Had trouble focusing on usual activities some day versus no day in the past two weeks | 1.14 (1.04; 1.25) | 1.14 (1.04; 1.25) |
| Felt down and depressed or hopeless some day versus no day in the past two weeks | 1.22 (1.12; 1.33) | 1.22 (1.12; 1.33) |
| Behavioral factors | ||
| Balanced diet versus healthy diet | 1.26 (1.16; 1.37) | 1.32 (1.11; 1.57) |
| Unhealthy diet versus healthy diet | 1.18 (1.09; 1.28) | 1.05 (0.88; 1.25) |
| Ex-smoker versus never smoked | 1.16 (1.06; 1.26) | 1.22 (1.04; 1.44) |
| Smoker versus never smoked | 1.35 (1.23; 1.47) | 1.73 (1.47; 2.05) |
| Light-to-moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages versus no alcoholic beverages | 1.03 (0.96; 1.12) | 0.97 (0.84; 1.11) |
| Risk consumption of alcoholic beverages versus no alcoholic beverages | 1.17 (0.95; 1.44) | 1.30 (0.90; 1.88) |
| Does not practice physical activities | 1.12 (1.02; 1.24) | 1.30 (1.10; 1.54) |
| Biological factors | ||
| Age group 25 to 39 years versus 18 to 24 years | 1.15 (1.03; 1.28) | 1.15 (1.03; 1.28) |
| Age group 40 to 59 years versus 18 to 24 years | 1.55 (1.37; 1.75) | 1.55 (1.37; 1.75) |
| Age group >60 years versus 18 to 24 years | 1.49 (1.27; 1.75) | 1.49 (1.27; 1.75) |
| Number of teeth present | 1.00 (1.00; 1.01) | 0.99 (0.99; 1.00) |
| Mild limitations on chewing versus no limitations | 3.81 (3.35; 4.33) | 3.54 (2.98; 4.20) |
| Regular limitations on chewing versus no limitations | 6.45 (5.37; 7.75) | 6.36 (5.34; 7.59) |
| Intense limitations + too intense to chewing versus no limitations | 6.97 (5.17; 9.39) | 19.0 (14.6; 24.7) |