Table 3.
Characteristics of CR approaches (CTR, CRh).
| Study | Models of CR | FITT Descriptors of Specific Physical Intervention | Technology | Components of Communication Process | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model/ Monitoring |
Assessment | Decision | Feedback | ||||
| Avila et al., 2018 [19] | CTR Individual, Unimodal |
Frequency: 6–7 sessions/W × 12 W (n sessions = 72) Intensity: 70–80% HRR Time: 150 min/W Type: aerobic activity |
Device: Garmin HR monitor Digital content: web application (Garmin platform) |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Avila et al., 2020 [20] | CTR Individual, Unimodal |
Frequency: 6–7 sessions/W × 12 W (n sessions = 72) Intensity: 70–80% HRR Time: 150 min/W Type: aerobic activity |
Device: Garmin HR monitor Digital content: web application (Garmin platform) |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Batalik et al., 2021 [21] | CRh consecutive Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 3 sessions/W × 12 W (n sessions = 2 in clinic + 34 at home) Intensity: 70–80% HR Time: 60 min Type: aerobic activity |
Device: Polar HR device Digital content: web-based training diary |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Batalik et al., 2021a [22] | CRh consecutive Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 3 sessions/W × 12 W (n sessions = 2 in clinic + 34 at home) Intensity: 70–80% HRR Time: 60 min Type: aerobic activity |
Device: HR Polar wrist monitor Digital content: application |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Batalik et al., 2020 [7] | CRh consecutive Individual, Unimodal |
Frequency: 3 sessions/W × 12 W (n sessions = 2 in clinic + 34 at home) Intensity: 70–80% HRR Time: 80 min Type: physical activity |
Device: wrist heart rate monitor (M430) Digital content: Polar Flow web application |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Bravo-Escobar et al., 2021 [23] | CRh combined Individual, Multimodal (educational and psychosocial intervention) |
Frequency: at least 3 sessions/W × 8 W (n sessions = 8 in clinic + 16 at home) Intensity: 70–80% HRR Time: 60 min Type: aerobic and strength training |
Device: NUUBO electrocardiographic monitoring device (Bluetooth) + smartphone Digital content: NUUBO application |
A | Y | N | - |
| Bravo-Escobar et al., 2017 [24] | CRh combined Individual, Multimodal (educational and psychosocial intervention) |
Frequency: at least 3 sessions/W × 8 W (n sessions = 8 in clinic + 16 at home) Intensity: 70–80% HRR Time: 60 min Type: walking program + aerobic and strength training |
Device: NUUBO electrocardiographic monitoring device (Bluetooth) + smartphone Digital content: NUUBO application |
A | Y | N | - |
| Dale et al., 2015 [25] | CRh combined Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 7 sessions/W × 24 W (n sessions = 24 in clinic + 144 at home) Intensity: moderate to vigorous (50–85% HRR) Time: 150 min/W Type: aerobic activity |
Device: mobile phone + pedometer Digital content: website |
A | Y | N | Offline |
| De Lima et al., 2022 [26] | CRh consecutive Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 5 sessions/W × 12 W (n sessions = 2 in clinic + 58 at home) Intensity: 60–80% HRR Time: 60 min Type: aerobic activity |
Device: G Pulse HR monitor + smartphone + pedometer Digital content: monitor |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Dorje et al., 2019 [27] | CTR Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 5 sessions/W × 24 W (n sessions = 120) Intensity: 10 000 steps/day Time: - Type: walking program |
Device: blood pressure monitoring device + smartphone + WeChat pedometer Digital content: data management portal |
A | Y | N | Offline |
| Fang et al., 2019 [28] | CTR Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 3 or more sessions/W × 6 W (n sessions = 18) Intensity: - Time: - Type: walking program |
Device: smartphone + belt strap with sensor Digital content: application and web portal |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Ghorbani et al., 2021 [29] | CTR Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 7 sessions/W × 4 W (n sessions = 28) Intensity: - Time: 45–60 min Type: walking program |
Device: smartphone Digital content: application |
A | N | N | - |
| He et al., 2020 [30] | CRh consecutive Individual, Unimodal |
Frequency: 3 sessions/W × 156 W (n sessions = 2 in clinic + 466 at home) Intensity: 65–75% HRR Time: 47 min Type: aerobic activity |
Device: MI electronic band + smartphone (WeChat) Digital content: HaiTai software |
A | Y | Y | - |
| Hong et al., 2020 [31] | CTR Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 7 sessions/W × 24 W (n sessions = 168) Intensity: - Time: - Type: walking program |
Device: sphygmomanometer and wristband-wearable device Digital content: Health IT teleweb platform + system application |
A | Y | N | Offline |
| Kraal et al., 2017 [32] | CRh consecutive Individual, Unimodal |
Frequency: at least 2 sessions/W × 12 W (n sessions = 3 in clinic + 21 at home) Intensity: 70–85% HRR Time: 60 min Type: aerobic activity |
Device: Garmin heart rate monitor Digital content: Garmin web application |
A | Y | N | Offline |
| Kraal et al., 2014 [33] | CRh consecutive Individual, Unimodal |
Frequency: 2 sessions/W × 12 W (n sessions = 3 in clinic + 21 at home) Intensity: 70–85% HR Time: 45–60 min Type: aerobic activity |
Device: heart rate monitor (Garmin) Digital content: web application (Garmin Connect) |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Lee et al., 2013 [34] | CTR Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 5 sessions/W × 12 W (n sessions = 60) Intensity: 40–80% HRR Time: 50 min Type: walking program |
Device: wireless monitoring equipment (HeartCall) + smartphone Digital content: smartphone |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Lee et al., 2013a [35] | CRh consecutive Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 4 sessions/W × 12 W (n sessions = 2 in clinic + 46 at home) Intensity: 40–80% Time: 50 min Type: walking program |
Device: wireless monitoring equipment (HeartCall) + smartphone Digital content: smartphone |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Maddison et al., 2015 [36] | CTR Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 5 sessions/W × 24 W (n sessions = 120) Intensity: moderate to vigorous (50–85% HRR) Time: minimum 30 min Type: aerobic activity |
Device: mobile phone Digital content: web applications, middleware |
A | N | N | - |
| Maddison et al., 2019 [37] | CTR Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 3 sessions/W × 12 W (n sessions = 36) Intensity: 40–65% HRR Time: 30–60 min Type: aerobic activity |
Device: smartphone and wearable sensor Digital content: web applications, middleware |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Reid et al., 2011 [28 | CTR Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 7 sessions/W × 20 W (n sessions = 140) Intensity: moderate (50–70% HRR) Time: 30 min Type: walking program |
Device: Digi-Walker pedometer Digital content: log book |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Shi et al., 2022 [39] | CRh consecutive Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 7 sessions/W × 8 W (n sessions = 1 in clinic + 55 at home) Intensity: - Time: - Type: aerobic activity |
Device: ECG monitoring equipment + mobile app Digital content: mobile app |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Skobel et al., 2017 [40] | CRh consecutive Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 2–3 sessions/W × 24 W (n sessions = 1 in clinic + 47 at home) Intensity: 11–13 Borg scale Time: 30–60 min Type: endurance and resistance training |
Device: smartphone-guided training system (GEX system) Digital content: GEX system |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Snoek et al., 2021 [41] | CTR Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 5 sessions/W × 24 W (n sessions = 120) Intensity: moderate (50–70% HRR) Time: at least 30 min Type: aerobic activity |
Device: heart rate belt + smartphone Digital content: application (MobiHealth) |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Snoek et al., 2021a [42] | CTR Individual, Multimodal (motivational intervention) |
Frequency: 5 sessions/W × 26 W (n sessions = 130) Intensity: moderate to vigorous (50–85% HRR) Time: at least 30 min Type: aerobic activity |
Device: smartphone + Bluetooth connected heart rate belt (Zephyr) Digital content: website |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Song et al., 2020 [43] | CTR Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 3–5 sessions/W × 24 W (n sessions = 72) Intensity: HR @ AT ± 5 bpm Time: 40 min Type: aerobic activity |
Device: smartphone (WeChat) + heart rate belt (Suunto) Digital content: Medicus monitoring device computer terminal |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Su and Yu, 2021 [44] | CTR Individual, Multimodal (educational and motivational intervention) |
Frequency: 3 sessions/W for 12 W (n sessions = 36) Intensity: moderate (50–60% HRR) Time: 150 min/W Type: walking program |
Device: smartphone (WeChat) Digital content: web platform + tele-care platform |
A | Y | Y | Offline |
| Vieira et al., 2018 [45] | CRh consecutive Individual, Multimodal (educational) |
Frequency: 3 sessions/W for 24 W (n sessions = 1 in clinic + 71 at home) Intensity: 65–70% HRR Time: 70–90 min Type: endurance, strength and flexibility training |
Device: Kinect virtual reality + heart rate monitor + computer Digital content: Kinect software |
A | Y | Y | Offline |