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Effects of (R)-ketamine on overall withdrawal scores in rats undergoing naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from subchronic morphine. Each bar represents the mean + SEM of data from eight rats V: vehicle; Nal: naloxone; R-ket: R-ketamine; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to mor + nal group by Newman–Keuls multiple comparison test. Figure is modified from [54] with permission.
