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. 2024 Jun 12;14(6):746. doi: 10.3390/life14060746

Table 4.

Subgroup analysis of the secondary outcomes between malnutrition and control groups.

Subgroups All-Cause
Hospitalization
All-Cause Mortality Post-COVID-19
Condition
HR (95% CI) p Value HR (95% CI) p Value HR (95% CI) p Value
Gender
 Male 2.133 (1.940 to 2.344) <0.0001 5.022 (3.828 to 6.587) <0.0001 3.669 (2.164 to 6.219) <0.0001
 Female 2.013 (1.825 to 2.220) <0.0001 5.143 (3.840 to 6.888) <0.0001 2.261 (1.339 to 3.818) 0.0017
Age
 18–64 y/o 2.634 (2.351 to 2.950) <0.0001 7.397 (4.861 to 11.256) <0.0001 3.949 (2.345 to 6.651) <0.0001
 ≥65 y/o 1.718 (1.583 to 1.866) <0.0001 3.801 (3.100 to 4.660) <0.0001 1.873 (1.160 to 3.025) 0.0091
Race
 White 2.118 (1.956 to 2.293) <0.0001 5.024 (4.045 to 6.241) <0.0001 2.337 (1.646 to 3.32) <0.0001
 American Indian or Alaska Native 4.255 (0.903,20.038) 0.0460 1.010 (0.063 to 16.144) 0.9945 - -
 Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 1.246 (0.418 to 3.712) 0.6920 - - - -
 Black or African American 2.101 (1.796 to 2.458) <0.0001 2.852 (1.843 to 4.413) <0.0001 2.545 (1.078 to 6.624) 0.0472
 Asian 2.762 (1.938 to 3.936) <0.0001 7.821 (2.314 to 26.429) <0.0001 2.347 (0.430 to 12.828) 0.3102
Vaccination status
 Unvaccinated 2.128 (1.969 to 2.301) <0.0001 3.563 (2.913 to 4.358) <0.0001 3.164 (2.113 to 4.736) <0.0001
 Receiving ≥ 2 doses vaccination 1.946 (1.514 to 2.500) <0.0001 3.401 (1.939 to 5.963) <0.0001 1.927 (0.712 to 5.210) 0.1884
Antiviral agent status
 Receiving antiviral agent 2.641 (1.588 to 4.393) <0.0001 11.964 (1.531 to 93.479) 0.0025 1.134 (0.071 to 18.132) 0.9290
 Not receiving antiviral agent 2.068 (1.937 to 2.208) <0.0001 4.158 (3.492 to 4.952) <0.0001 3.234 (2.296 to 4.556) <0.0001

CI: confidence interval, HR: hazard ratio, y/o: years.