Table 4.
Subgroup analysis of the secondary outcomes between malnutrition and control groups.
| Subgroups | All-Cause Hospitalization |
All-Cause Mortality | Post-COVID-19 Condition |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 2.133 (1.940 to 2.344) | <0.0001 | 5.022 (3.828 to 6.587) | <0.0001 | 3.669 (2.164 to 6.219) | <0.0001 |
| Female | 2.013 (1.825 to 2.220) | <0.0001 | 5.143 (3.840 to 6.888) | <0.0001 | 2.261 (1.339 to 3.818) | 0.0017 |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–64 y/o | 2.634 (2.351 to 2.950) | <0.0001 | 7.397 (4.861 to 11.256) | <0.0001 | 3.949 (2.345 to 6.651) | <0.0001 |
| ≥65 y/o | 1.718 (1.583 to 1.866) | <0.0001 | 3.801 (3.100 to 4.660) | <0.0001 | 1.873 (1.160 to 3.025) | 0.0091 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 2.118 (1.956 to 2.293) | <0.0001 | 5.024 (4.045 to 6.241) | <0.0001 | 2.337 (1.646 to 3.32) | <0.0001 |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 4.255 (0.903,20.038) | 0.0460 | 1.010 (0.063 to 16.144) | 0.9945 | - | - |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1.246 (0.418 to 3.712) | 0.6920 | - | - | - | - |
| Black or African American | 2.101 (1.796 to 2.458) | <0.0001 | 2.852 (1.843 to 4.413) | <0.0001 | 2.545 (1.078 to 6.624) | 0.0472 |
| Asian | 2.762 (1.938 to 3.936) | <0.0001 | 7.821 (2.314 to 26.429) | <0.0001 | 2.347 (0.430 to 12.828) | 0.3102 |
| Vaccination status | ||||||
| Unvaccinated | 2.128 (1.969 to 2.301) | <0.0001 | 3.563 (2.913 to 4.358) | <0.0001 | 3.164 (2.113 to 4.736) | <0.0001 |
| Receiving ≥ 2 doses vaccination | 1.946 (1.514 to 2.500) | <0.0001 | 3.401 (1.939 to 5.963) | <0.0001 | 1.927 (0.712 to 5.210) | 0.1884 |
| Antiviral agent status | ||||||
| Receiving antiviral agent | 2.641 (1.588 to 4.393) | <0.0001 | 11.964 (1.531 to 93.479) | 0.0025 | 1.134 (0.071 to 18.132) | 0.9290 |
| Not receiving antiviral agent | 2.068 (1.937 to 2.208) | <0.0001 | 4.158 (3.492 to 4.952) | <0.0001 | 3.234 (2.296 to 4.556) | <0.0001 |
CI: confidence interval, HR: hazard ratio, y/o: years.