Table 1.
Literature review of the 44 existing cases (and our case report) of adrenal leiomyosarcoma, including subsequent surgical treatment and follow-up strategies.
| References | Age/y | Sex | Side | Size (cm) | Extension | Surgery | CHT/RT | Follow-Up/Months |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHOI SH, J Surg Oncol 1981 [10] | 50 | F | L | 16 | None | Adrenalectomy + Partial Nephrectomy | None | 12 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| LACK EE, Am J Surg Pathol 1991 [11] | 49 | M | R | 11 | None | Adrenalectomy + Nephrectomy | RT + CHT | 9 (alive with metastasis) |
| ZETLER PJ, Arch Pathol Lab Med 1995 [12] | 30 | M | L | 11 | ND | Adrenalectomy | None | 20 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| BOMAN F, Arch Pathol Lab Med 1997 [13] | 48 | M | R | 2 | ND | None | None | ND |
| 29 | M | L | 0.8 | ND | None | None | ND | |
| ETTEN B, Sarcoma 2001 [14] | 73 | F | R | 27 | IVC | Exploratory Laparotomy | None | 3 weeks (dead) |
| MATSUI Y, Int J Urol 2002 [15] | 61 | F | R | ND | IVC + right atrium | Adrenalectomy + Nephrectomy + Thrombectomy | None | 1 (dead with metastasis) |
| LUJAN MG, Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003 [16] | 63 | M | R | 25 | Pulmonary metastasis and Invasion to AO | Adrenalectomy + Nephrectomy + hepatic lobectomy + cholecystectomy | CT | died shortly after surgery |
| THAMBOO TP, Pathology 2003 [17] | 68 | F | R | 13 | None | Adrenalectomy + Nephrectomy | None | 12 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| LINOS D, Surgery 2004 [18] | 14 | F | Bil | 3.5 (R) 4 (L) | None | Bilateral Adrenalectomy | None | ND |
| KATO K, Int J Clin Oncol 2004 [19] | 59 | M | L | 10 | IVC | Adrenalectomy + Nephrectomy + Thrombectomy | None | 6 (dead with metastasis) |
| WONG, J R Soc Med 2005 [20] | 57 | M | L | ND | IVC and both iliac veins | Adrenalectomy + Nephrectomy + Thrombectomy | None | more than 6 months (dead with recurrence) |
| CANDANEDO-GONZALEZ FA, Endocr Pathol 2005 [21] | 59 | F | L | 16 | Invasion to Adjacent Organs | Adrenalectomy | RT + CHT | 36 (alive with metastasis) |
| LEE CU, Abdom Imaging 2006 [22] | 49 | M | L | 3 | None | Adrenalectomy | None | 10 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| MOHANTY SK, Urology 2007 [23] | 47 | F | L | 10 | None | Adrenalectomy + Nephrectomy | RT | 9 (alive with metastasis) |
| WANG TS, World J Surg Oncol 2007 [24] | 64 | F | R | 14 | IVC + right atrium | Adrenalectomy + Thrombectomy | None | 10 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| GOTO J, Endocr J 2008 [25] | 73 | F | R | 8 | Invasion to Adjacent Organs | Adrenalectomy + Nephrectomy | None | 10 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| MENCOBONI M, Clin Med Oncol 2008 [26] | 75 | F | R | 8 | None | Adrenalectomy + Nephrectomy | None | 12 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| VAN LAARHOVEN HV, Anticancer Res 2009 [27] | 78 | M | L | ND | multiple metastasis | None | RT | 11 days (dead with metastasis) |
| HAMADA S, Int J Clin Oncol 2009 [28] | 62 | F | Bil | 8 (R) 4 (L) | None | Bilateral Adrenalectomy, Radiofrequency Ablation | RT + CHT | 16 (dead with metastasis) |
| KARAOSMANOGLU A, J Ultrasound Med 2010 [29] | 63 | M | R | ND | IVC | None | CT | 3 (dead) |
| SHAO IH, Chang Gung Med J 2012 [30] | 66 | M | L | 10 | Renal vein | Adrenalectomy | None | 18 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| KANTHAN R, World J Surg Oncol 2012 [31] | 28 | F | L | 16 | None | Adrenalectomy + Nephrectomy + Partial Diaphragmatic | None | ND |
| DESHMUKH SD, J Cancer Res Ther 2013 [32] | 60 | F | L | 5 | None | Adrenalectomy | None | 21 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| GULPINAR MT, Case Rep Urol 2014 [33] | 48 | M | r | 11 | None | Adrenalectomy | None | 8 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| OZTURC H, Rare Tumors 2014 [34] | 70 | F | R | 8 | IVC | Adrenalectomy + Cavotomy | CT | 6 (alive with metastasis) |
| LEE S, Korean J Pathol 2014 [35] | 28 | M | R | 15 | None | Adrenalectomy | None | 18 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| BHALLA A, Conn Med 2014 [36] | 45 | M | R | 11 | multiple metastasis | None | CT | 9 (alive with metastasis) |
| WEI J, Int J Surg Pathol 2014 [37] | 57 | F | L | 8 | None | Adrenalectomy | None | 29 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| MANZANO AJ, AACE Clin Case ReP 2015 [38] | 63 | F | R | 6.8 × 4.4 | ND | Adrenalectomy | CT | 2 (local recurrence, treated with CT) |
| NAGARAJ V, Case Rep Surg 2015 [39] | 61 | M | L | 16 × 10.7 × 11.7 | None | Adrenalectomy | None | NA—lost contact with the patient |
| ZHOU Y, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015 [40] | 49 | F | L | 6 × 5 × 5 | None | Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy | None | 6 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| QUILDRIAN S, Endocrinol Nutr. 2015 [41] | 44 | F | R | 7.4 × 5.2 | None | Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy | None | 3 years (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| ONISHI T, World J Surg Oncol. 2016 [42] | 34 | M | R | 5.2 × 3.2 | IVC | Adrenalectomy en bloc with VIIs of liver, lymphadenectomy, resection of invaded IVC wall | None | 10 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| LI C-C, Urol Sci. 2016 [43] | 61 | F | R | 4 × 5 | Invasion to Adjacent Organs | Adrenalectomy with resection of invaded hepatic tissue | None | 3 (tumor recurrences) |
| RUDIN A, Clin Surg. 2016 [44] | 72 | M | L | 5.1 | None | Laparoscopic converted to open Adrenalectomy | None | 3 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| AOKI C, J Clin Case Rep 2017 [45] | 81 | F | R | 7 | None | Adrenalectomy | CT | 2–4 local recurrences, 8–10 further growth of tumor; 13 died. |
| TZAIDA O, Ann Clin Exp Metabol 2017 [46] | 69 | F | R | 5.4 × 4.3 | ND | Adrenalectomy | RT | 12 (alive without recurrence or metastasis) |
| MULANI SR, Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2018 [47] | 50 | M | L | 8.1 | ND | NONE | PALLIATION CT-RT | NA |
| DOPPALAPUDI SK, BMJ Case Rep CP. 2019 [48] | 70 | M | R | 12.2 | IVC, Invasion to Adjacent Organs | Adrenalectomy + Nephrectomy + IVC Cavotomy + Thrombectomy | None | 12 (pulmonary metastasis, died) |
| NERLI R, Int Cancer Confer J. 2020 [49] | 27 | M | L | 9 × 6.5 × 7 | None | Adrenalectomy | None | NA |
| SAKELLARIOU M, Molecular and Clinical Oncology [50] | 62 | M | L | 10.3 × 8.5 × 8.4 | Invasion to Adjacent Organs | Adrenalectomy | CT-RT | 3 (bone metastasis), 7 (liver metastasis), 11 (pulmonary metastasis), 31 (alive with metastasis) |
| LOKANATHA Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2020 [51] | 60 | F | L | 7.6 × 7.7 × 6.8 | None | Adrenalectomy + distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy | CT | NA |
| Waack A, Radiol Case Rep. 2022 [1] | 58 | F | L | 5.5 × 4.4 | None | Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy | None | NA |
| Our Case Rep | 52 | F | R | 9 × 7 × 6 | None | Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy + Nephrectomy | CT | 12 (alive with liver metastasis) |
IVC: Inferior Vena Cava.