Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

(1)Adult subjects within the pre-treatment age of 18–30 years (2)Presence of comprehensive records that included treatment details and lateral cephalometric radiographs for both pre- and post-treatment (3)Good image quality of the lateral cephalograms (4)Availability of lateral cephalograms enabling the identification of specific hard and soft tissue cephalometric landmarks (5)No other pathologies that could affect soft and hard tissue anatomy

(1)History of craniofacial trauma, syndromes, or deformities (2)History of cosmetic or reconstructive facial surgery (3)History of using medications that could impact soft tissue (4)History of tooth extraction unrelated to orthodontic treatment