Table 1.

Summary of selected articles (conventional subperiosteal implants).

Authors/Year of Publication	Title	No. of Implants	Implant Material	Imaging	Design and Manufacturing	Surgical Technique	Follow-Up
Weinberg, 1950 [11]	Subperiosteal implantation of a Vitallium (cobalt-chromium alloy) artificial abutment	2	Vitallium (a cobalt-chromium alloy), with a focus on utilizing a mesh-like structure for implantation.	-	The design involved a mesh-like structure made of Vitallium, intended to allow periosteal fiber growth through it, providing strength and stability. Manufactured using a casting method.	Two-staged surgical technique.	The follow-up included radiographs and clinical evaluations. One implant remained intact after almost one year of follow-up, the other had to be removed and inserted again due to complications.
Obwegeser, 1959 [12]	Experiences with subperiosteal implants	35	Chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloys, especially Vitallium and tantalum.	-	Lost wax casting method.	Two-staged surgical technique.	The follow-up included radiographs and clinical evaluation. After one to three years, 2/3 of the patients experienced complications. Some of the implants had to be removed.
Kratochvil and Boyne, 1972 [13]	Combined use of subperiosteal implant and bone marrow graft in deficient edentulous mandibles: A preliminary report	1	Chrome-cobalt alloy.	-	The implant was designed as a mandibular chrome-cobalt casting, providing space between the existing bone and the implant structure for the bone marrow graft.	Two-staged surgical technique (exposure of the bone/impression taking, followed by insertion of the implant with the bone graft packed around it).	Initial clinical trial of this technique was observed for 14 months and has been described as most encouraging.
Bodine, 1974 [22]	Evaluation of 27 mandibular subperiosteal implant dentures after 15 to 22 years	27	Chrome-cobalt alloy.	-	Lost wax casting method.	Two-staged surgical technique.	Does not provide explicit details on how follow-ups were conducted for the subperiosteal implants. Study provides statistical analysis with success rates of subperiosteal implants: 96% at 5 years to 52% at 16 years.
Bloomquist, 1982 [26]	Long-term results of subperiosteal implants combined with cancellous bone grafts.	19	Not specified.	-	The implant contained removable abutments. Modifications in impression technique to decrease bone exposure.	Two-staged surgical technique. Minor modifications were made to the original technique to improve outcomes.	Evaluation conducted radiographically and clinically. Overall, 5-year success rate—68% (13 out of 19 implants).
Hess, 1982 [18]	Two cases of incompatibility to carbon-coated subperiosteal implants	2	Vitallium coated with vapor-deposited isotropic carbon.	-	Carbon-coated Vitallium: thickness of coating approximately 1 μm.	Two-staged surgical technique.	Follow-up evaluation involved monitoring of the patient’s response to the subperiosteal implant after its placement. Initial healing without complications; later episodes of swelling and pain, partial removal of mandibular implant.
Key, 1987 [19]	Hydroxyapatite-coated subperiosteal dental implants: Design rationale and clinical experience	339	Vitallium coated with hydroxyapatite (HA-coated).	CT scan (82 implants)	HA-coating applied to metal struts of the implant.	339 units placed, 257 were two-stage and 82 single-stage CT-scan procedures.	Single-stage surgery with CT scans appeared to provide the benefits of less invasiveness and less trauma to the patient compared to conventional two-stage surgery without CT scans.
Truitt, 1988 [29]	Use of computer tomography in subperiosteal implant therapy	41	Material not explicitly stated.	CT	Utilizes data from CT scans for accurate design and manufacturing.	This article delineates the transition from the traditional method of direct bone impression to the use of CT scan in order to create more accurate and reliable subperiosteal implants.	Specific details about the follow-up protocol were not revealed. Nevertheless, over the span of 2 years, the method of using CT scans to obtain a cast for SPI therapy has proven to be extremely reliable.
Fischer, 1993 [30]	CAD/CAM subperiosteal implants in Australia: Case report	1	Material not explicitly stated.	CT	Utilizes data from CT scan and CAD/CAM technology used for design and manufacturing.	Use of CAD/CAM technology to eliminate the first stage of surgery.	Follow-up details not mentioned, article encourages further research related to this technique.
Moore and Hansen, 2004 [20]	A descriptive 18-year retrospective review of subperiosteal implants for patients with severely atrophied edentulous mandibles	40	Chrome-cobalt alloy (Vitallium).	Panoramic radiographs	Lost wax casting technique; later using CT and stereolithography.	38 patients recieved two-staged surgery treatment with bone exposure and impression. 2 patients underwent single-stage CT-scan procedures.	The review of radiographs did not show any evidence of bone resorption under an abutment or major strut. The patients were clinically monitored over a period ranging from 2 to 18 years (average 8 years), with 14 patients having the implants for over 10 years, 12 patients between 5 and 10 years, and 11 patients for less than 5 years.