Table 3.

Levels of and changes in biochemical measurements of the 88 patients with T2DM randomized to intervention (n = 42) and control (n = 46) groups, from the beginning to eight months of this study.

		Groups			Cohen’s d Effect Size
		Intervention	Control	p-Value
		Mean ± Stand. Dev.
Serum urea (mg/dL)	beginning	34.95 ± 9.62	37.37 ± 11.80
	8 months	35.69 ± 7.90	36.66 ± 10.81
	Δ-change	0.74	−0.72	0.478	0.15
	Δ%-change	2.1	−1.9
Blood creatinine (mg/dL)	beginning	0.80 ± 0.22	0.83 ± 0.25
	8 months	0.82 ± 0.25	0.87 ± 0.27
	Δ-change	0.02	0.04	0.461	0.16
	Δ%-change	1.9	4.4
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	beginning	153.8 ± 35.4	162.6 ± 37.4
	8 months	159.1 ± 36.1	162.4 ± 44.1
	Δ-change	5.3	−0.2	0.417	0.18
	Δ%-change	3.5	−0.1
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	beginning	146.9 ± 85.3	136.7 ± 59.0
	8 months	154.4 ± 80.5	146.3 ± 62.5
	Δ-change	7.5	9.6	0.825	0.05
	Δ%-change	5.1	7.0
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dL)	beginning	79.8 ± 33.7	86.0 ± 32.6
	8 months	85.4 ± 34.4	87.3 ± 33.8
	Δ-change	5.6	1.3	0.509	0.14
	Δ%-change	7.1	1.5
C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/dL)	beginning	0.97 ± 2.80	0.76 ± 1.67
	8 months	0.78 ± 1.58	0.62 ± 1.11
	Δ-change	−0.19	−0.14	0.892	0.03
	Δ%-change	−19.7	−18.2
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (%)	beginning	7.06 ± 1.11	6.76 ± 0.82
	8 months	6.78 ± 0.89	6.76 ± 0.92
	Δ-change	−0.28	0.01	0.011	0.56
	Δ%-change	−4.0	0.1
25-hydroxy vitamin D (ng/mL)	beginning	33.8 ± 15.8	30.4 ± 16.3
	8 months	28.6 ± 11.6	29.0 ± 9.7
	Δ-change	−5.2	−1.4	0.248	0.25
	Δ%-change	−15.4	−4.5
DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) (μg/mL)	beginning	0.91 ± 0.57	0.87 ± 0.64
	8 months	0.81 ± 0.48	0.94 ± 0.89
	Δ-change	−0.10	0.07	0.078	0.39
	Δ%-change	−11.2	7.5
Cholesterol ratio	beginning	3.93 ± 1.96	3.35 ± 0.92
	8 months	3.85 ± 1.44	4.09 ± 2.10
	Δ-change	−0.08	0.74	0.061	0.41
	Δ%-change	−1.9	22.0

Student’s t-tests in Δ-changes (in bold).