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. 2024 Jun 20;12(6):1238. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12061238

Table 2.

The symptoms reported by patients, measured vital signs, and baseline physical examination findings in the study and control groups.

Variables, Units All Pts Low Risk [0–1] Medium [2–3] High Risk [≥4] p-Value Post Hoc Analysis for Significant p
Patient-Reported Symptoms No COPD
n = 2109		 COPD
n = 75		 No COPD
n = 1412		 COPD
n = 6		 No COPD
n = 467		 COPD
n = 25		 No COPD
n = 230		 COPD
n = 44		 No COPD COPD No COPD COPD
Cough, n (%)
n = 75		 628 (29.8) 20
(26.7)		 455 (32.2) 0 116 (24.8) 8
(32.0)		 57 (24.8) 12
(27.3)		 0.0022 0.3753 0.01 a
0.09 b
1 c
Dyspnea, n (%)
n = 75		 869 (41.2) 52
(69.3)		 567 (40.2) 2
(33.3)		 190 (40.7) 16
(64.0)		 112 (48.7) 34
(77.3)		 0.0492 0.0606 1 a
0.053 b
0.16 c
Chest pain, n (%)
n = 75		 153 (7.3) 10
(13.3)		 101 (7.2) 1
(16.7)		 30 (6.4) 4
(16.0)		 22 (9.6) 5
(11.4)		 0.31 0.6684
Hemoptysis, n (%)
n = 75		 15 (0.7) 0 9 (0.6) 0 2 (0.4) 0 4 (1.7) 0 0.13 <0.0001 0.002 a
<0.0001 b
0.07 c
Smell dysfunction, n (%), n = 75 75 (3.6) 1
(1.3)		 61 (4.3) 0 10 (2.1) 0 4 (1.7) 1
(1.3)		 0.025 1 0.13 a
0.18 b
1 c
Taste dysfunction, n (%), n = 75 64 (3.0) 2
(2.7)		 49 (3.5) 0 10 (2.1) 0 5 (2.2) 2
4.5		 0.25 0.6036
Abdominal pain, n (%), n = 75 142 (6.7) 5
(6.7)		 103 (7.3) 1
(16.7)		 26 (5.6) 0 13 (5.7) 4
(9.1)		 0.34 0.1704
Diarrhea, n (%)
n = 75		 120 (5.7) 7
(9.3)		 74 (5.2) 1
(16.7)		 32 (6.9) 1
(4.0)		 14 (6.1) 5
(11.4)		 0.41 0.2900
Nausea/Vomiting, n (%), n = 75 97 (4.6) 1
(1.3)		 57 (4.0) 0 27 (5.8) 0 13 (5.7) 1
(2.3)		 0.21 1
Measured vital signs
Body temperature, °C, mean ± SD
(min.–max.), n = 40		 37.0 ± 0.88
(34.3–40.5)		 37.1 ± 0.97
(35.2–39.0)
n = 40		 37.1 ± 0.9
(34.4–40.5)		 37.3 ± 1.58
(35.9–39.0)
n = 3		 36.9 ± 0.9
(35–40)		 37.0 ± 0.85
(36.0–38.5)
n = 13		 36.9 ± 0.8
(35.5–40)		 37.1 ± 0.99
(35.2–39.0)
n = 24		 0.032 0.9644 0.1 a
0.13 b
0.98 c
Heart rate, beats/minute
mean ± SD
(min.–max.), n = 66		 85.6 ± 16.2
(36–160)		 86.1 ± 19.69
(60–170)
n = 66		 86.4 ± 15.6
(48–160)		 87.5 ± 23.63
(70–120)
n = 4		 83.9 ± 16.5
(50–160)		 88.5 ± 16.02
(69–121)
n = 20		 84.7 ± 18.3
(36–150)		 84.9 ± 21.22
(60–170)
n = 42		 0.03 0.7849 0.03 a
0.45 b
0.85 c
Respiratory rate, breaths/minute
mean ± SD
(min.–max.), n = 15		 18.4 ± 5.6
(12–50)		 21.4 ± 8.26
(16–50)
n = 15		 18.4 ± 5.8
(12–50)		 18.5 ± 5.5
(12–45)		 21.8 ± 2.36
(20–25)
n = 4		 18.7 ± 4.5
(12–30)		 21.3 ± 9.69
(16–50)
n = 11		 0.92 0.882
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
mean ± SD
(min.–max.), n = 65		 132.0 ± 22.9
(50–270)		 134.2 ± 22.3
(85–184)
n = 65		 130.7 ± 21.3
(60–240)		 131.0 ± 25.1
(105–155)
n = 3		 134 ± 25.6
(50–270)		 138.6 ± 19.73
(90–167)
n = 20		 134.9 ± 25.0
(70–210)		 132.4 ± 23.48
(85–184)
n = 42		 0.014 0.5991 0.07 a,b
0.9 c
Systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg, n (%), n = 65 73 (4.6) 5
(7.69)
n = 65		 45 (4.3) 0
(0.0)
n = 3		 17 (4.7) 1
(5.0)
n = 20		 11 (5.4) 4
(9.5)
n = 42		 0.78 0.9999
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
mean ± SD
(min.–max.), n = 65		 78.1 ± 13.4
(40–157)		 76.9 ± 13.1
(45–110)
n = 65		 78.5 ± 12.7
(40–150)		 80.0 ± 17.32
(70–100)
n = 3		 78.0 ± 13.8
(40–157)		 79.0 ± 11.0
(50–95)
n = 20		 75.8 ± 15.6
(40–143)		 75.7 ± 13.9
(45–110)
n = 42		 0.06 0.6501
Mean blood pressure, mmHg MAP
mean ± SD
(min.–max.), n = 65		 96.2 ± 14.9
(46.7–190)		 96.0 ± 14.6
(58.3–125)
n = 65		 96.0 ± 14.2
(46.7–179)		 97.0 ± 19.06
(81.7–118.3)
n = 3		 97.1 ± 15.6
(59.7–190)		 98.8 ± 13.2
(63.3–115.7)
n = 20		 95.5 ± 17.1
(50–165.3)		 94.6 ± 15.11
(58.3–125)
n = 42		 0.43 0.6001
Pulse pressure
mean ± SD
(min.–max.), n = 65		 54.3 ± 16.8
(11–136)		 57.3 ± 17.3
(24–99)
n = 65		 52.3 ± 15.3
(11–136)		 51.0 ± 14.4
(35–63)
n = 3		 57.1 ± 18.7
(50–100)		 59.7 ± 12.8
(40–80)
n = 20		 59.2 ± 8.5
(20–130)		 56.6 ± 19.4
(24–99)
n = 42		 <0.0001 0.6016 <0.0001 a,b
0.412 c
SpO2 on room air, % (FiO2 = 21%)
mean ± SD
(min.–max.), n = 52		 91.2 ± 8.0
(48–100)		 87.8 ± 9.18
(56–99)
n = 52		 92.9 ± 7.1
(48–100)		 91.5 ± 5.69
(85–98)
n = 4		 89.9 ± 9.5
(50–100)		 85.0 ± 11.29
(56–99)
n = 14		 90.6 ± 8.5
(50–99)		 88.6 ± 8.45
(65–99)
n = 34		 <0.0001 0.3581 <0.0001 a
0.012 b
0.772 c
Sp O2 < 90%, n (%)
n = 52		 316 (15.0) 26
(50.0)
n = 52		 181 (22.3) 2
(50.0)
n = 4		 92 (34.5) 10
(71.4)
n = 14		 43 (32.3) 14
(41.2)
n = 34		 0.0001 0.2119 0.0003 a
0.048 b
1 c
GCS, points, n = 18 14.5 ± 1.9
(1–15)		 14.8 ± 0.51
(13–15)
n = 18		 14.6 ± 1.8
(1–15)		 0 14.5 ± 1.7
(3–15)		 15.0 ± 0.0
(15–15)
n = 6		 14.1 ± 2.5 (3–15) 14.75 ± 0.62
(13–15)
n = 12		 0.049 NaN 0.38 a
0.07 b
0.34 c
Abnormalities detected during physical examination
Crackles, n (%)
n = 75 validated		 304 (14.4) 15
(20.0)		 153 (10.8) 1
(16.7)		 96 (20.6) 3
(12)		 55 (23.9) 11
(25.0)		 <0.0001 0.4534 <0.0001 a,b
1 c
Wheezing, n (%)
n = 75		 187 (8.9) 32
(42.7)		 92 (6.5) 2
(33.3)		 49 (10.5) 7
(28.0)		 46 (20.0) 23
(52.3)		 <0.0001 0.1553 0.02 a
<0.0001 b
0.003
Pulmonary congestion, n (%)
n = 75		 343 (16.3) 24
(32)		 183 (13.0) 1
(16.7)		 98 (21.0) 7
(28.0)		 62 (27.9) 16
(36.4)		 <0.0001 0.6894 0.0001 a,b
0.29 c
Peripheral edema, n (%) n = 75 177 (8.4) 12
(16.0)		 75 (5.3) 1
(16.7)		 56 (12.0) 4
(16.0)		 46 (20.0) 7
(15.9)		 <0.0001 1 <0.0001 a,b
0.02 c
Hemiplegia/
hemiparesis, n (%)
n = 75		 70 (3.3) 3
(4.0)		 31 (2.2) 0 24 (5.1) 0 15 (6.5) 3
(6.8)		 0.0001 0.6498 0.006 a
0.002 b
1 c
VES–13, points
n = 9		 5.4 ± 3.2
(1–13)		 5.1 ± 3.1
(1–10)
n = 9		 4.1 ± 2.9
(1–9)		 0 5.8 ± 3.3
(1–12_		 4 ± 4.36
(1–9)
n = 3		 6.7 ± 3.0
(3–13)		 5.7 ± 2.58
(3–10)
n = 6		 0.13 0.5884 0.094 a
0.014 b
0.542 c

Presentation of variables: continuous mean ± standard deviation, results distribution (min.–max.), and the number of present values; the values are presented as numbers with a percentage. Information regarding the numbers showing the correct values can be found in the left column. Abbreviation list: valid measures—N; count of patients exceeding cut-off point—n; standard deviation—SD; body mass index—BMI; transient ischemic attack—TIA; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—COPD; low- vs. medium-risk groups—a; low- vs. high-risk groups—b; and medium- vs. high-risk groups—c.