Table 1.
Probiotics commonly used to treat canine diseases.
| Types of Diseases | No. of Dogs | Treatment Duration | Probiotics | Influence on Intestinal Microbiota | Immune and Barrier Function | Clinical Characterization | Metabolism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute diarrhea (AD) |
31 | 14 days |
Bifidobacterium animalis
strain AHC7 |
No data. | No data. | Treated group shortened the duration of diarrhea (3.9 ± 2.3 days vs. 6.6 ± 2.7 days; p < 0.01). | No data. | [83] |
| Acute diarrhea (AD) |
733 | 28 days | Enterococcus faecium (NCIMB10415 SF68) | No data. | No data. | Shortened the diarrhea days and significantly decreased the diarrhea incidence. | No data. | [89] |
| Acute diarrhea (AD) |
148 | 10 days | E. faecium 4b1707 | No data. | No data. | Shortened the duration of diarrhea. | No data. | [90] |
| Chronic enteropathies (CE) | 12 | 42 days |
Enterococcus faecium (NCIMB10415 SF68) |
No data. | There were no significant differences in intestinal immune gene expression. | There were no significant differences in CCEAI and histology scores. | There were no significant differences in hematological and biochemical variables. | [91] |
| Chronic enteropathies (CE) | 20 | 60 days | Saccharomyces boulardii | No data. | No data. | Significantly reduced stool frequency and improved the stool consistency. Significantly increased the body condition score (BCS). |
There were no significant differences in hematological and biochemical variables. | [82] |
| Acute diarrhea (AD) |
66 | 7 days |
Lactobacillus fermentum VET9A, L. rhamnosus VET16A, and L. plantarum VET14A |
Significantly decreased the pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. | No data. | Significantly improved stool consistency. Reduced vomiting. |
There were no significant differences in hematological and biochemical variables. | [36] |
| Acute diarrhea (AD) |
36 | 8 days | Lactobacillus farciminis (porcine origin), Pediococcus acidilactici (unknown origin), Bacillus subtilis (soil origin), Bacillus licheniformis (soil origin), and thermo-stabilised Lactobacillus acidophilus MA 64/4E (human origin) | No data. | No data. | Significantly improved the condition of stool but not the vomiting episodes. | No data. | [84] |
| Acute diarrhea (AD) |
60 | 20days | Bifidobacterium bifidum VPBB-6, Bifidobacterium longum VPBL-5, Bifidobacterium animalis VPBA-4, Bifidobacterium infantis VPBI-6, Lactobacillus acidophilus VPLA-4, Lactobacillus plantarum VPLP-5, Lactobacillus casei VPLC-1, Lactobacillus brevis VPLB-5, Lactobacillus reuteri VPLR-1, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus VPLB-7 | No significant data showed that the number of pathogenic bacteria decreased. | No data. | The days of diarrhea achieved acceptable fecal consistency, shortened but not significant. | No data. | [87] |
| Acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) | 25 | 21 days | Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 24730, Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 24731, Bifidobacterium breve DSM 24732, Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 24733, Lactobacillus delbrueckii DSM 24734, Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 24735, Bifidobacterium longum 120 DSM 24736, and Bifidobacterium infantis DSM 24737 |
Blautia and Faecalibacterium significantly increased and Clostridium perfringens significantly decreased. |
No data. | Significantly improved clinical condition while the CHDSI did not show significant difference compared to placebo group. | There were no significant differences in hematological and biochemical variables. | [35] |
| Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) |
14 | 30 days |
Ascophyllum nodosum and Bacillus subtilis C-3102 |
The Prevotella genus increased but not significantly. | No data. | The CIBDAI did not significantly change. | Significantly upregulated the concentrations of acetate, isovalerate, and isobutyrate. | [88] |
| Chronic enteropathies (CE) | 20 | 42 days | Lactobacillus acidophilus‚ Lactobacillus casei‚ Enterococcus faecium, and Bacillus subtilis |
Clostridium spp. and Bacteroides spp., which produce SCFAs, significantly increased. Enterobacteriaceae significantly decreased. |
No data. | There was no significant difference in clinical, endoscopic, and CCECAI results. | Serum levels of hs-CRP significantly decreased. | [92] |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) | 20 | 60 days |
Lactobacillus (L. casei, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii, and L. bulgaricus) and Bifidobacterium (B. longum, B. breve, and B. infantis) thermophilus |
Faecalibacterium spp. significantly increased. | FoxP3+ cells significantly increased CD3+ T-cells significantly decreased, and TGF-β+ was significantly more expressed. |
There were no significant difference in CIBDAI score and histology score in either group. | No data. | [93] |
| Gastroenteritis | 120 | 7 days | Lactobacillus johnsonii CRL1693, Ligilactobacillus murinus CRL1695, Limosilactobacillus mucosae CRL1696c, and Ligilactobacillus salivarius | Enterobacteria and enterococci decreased but not significantly. | No data. | The consistency of stool significantly improved. | No data. | [94] |
Note: CIBDAI: canine IBD activity index; CCEAI: canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index; CHDSI: canine hemorrhagic diarrhea severity index; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.