Table 1.
Selected resources, guidelines, and training materials for management of TB in children and adolescents, adapted and informed by the Roadmap to end TB in children and adolescents [13].
| Resource | Description | Link (accessed on 26 October 2023) |
|---|---|---|
| Comprehensive Resources and Guidance | ||
| WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis: Module 5: Management of Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents (2022) | Consolidated guidelines of new and existing recommendations (>130 recommendations) on TB screening, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and models of care for children and adolescents |
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240046764 |
| WHO Operational Handbook on Tuberculosis: Module 5: Management of Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents (2022) | Detailed practical considerations for implementing recommendations in the WHO guidelines; provides treatment regimen composition and dosing charts, adverse events mapping, costing information and monitoring and evaluation templates for specific activities along with other tools and resources | https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240046832 |
| Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents: A Desk Guide for Primary Health Care Workers (4th Edition), International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (2023) | A decision-making aid intended for use by primary health care workers; the fourth edition includes revisions to diagnostic approaches and options for treatment of both TB infection and disease and is available in African and Asian editions, which incorporate more region-specific examples | https://theunion.org/technical-publications/diagnosis-and-management-of-tuberculosis-in-children-and-adolescents-a-desk-guide-for-primary-health-care-workers |
| WHO Global TB Report (2023) (updated annually) | Provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic and of progress in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease at global, regional, and country levels | https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240083851 |
| WHO Information Sheet: Management of Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents (2022) | Provides a high-level overview of key concepts, burden of disease, and program and policy priorities | https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/information-sheet-management-of-tuberculosis-in-children-and-adolescents |
| Trainings | ||
| WHO e-course for health care workers on the management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents (2023) | Online, self-paced e-course containing teaching modules on epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of TB and drug-resistant TB with a focus on latest guidelines; developed by WHO and The Union with support from CDC | https://openwho.org/channels/end-tb |
| WHO e-course on tuberculosis in children and adolescents: programmatic considerations (2023) | Online, self-paced e-course containing teaching modules with programmatic considerations for managing TB in children and adolescents; developed by WHO with support from CDC | https://openwho.org/channels/end-tb |
| The Union e-course on child and adolescent TB for health care workers (Updated 2022) |
Online, self-paced e-course with comprehensive learning modules on epidemiology, detection, treatment and prevention of TB and drug-resistant TB; updated to align with 2022 WHO guidelines on management of TB in children and adolescents; developed by The Union in collaboration with the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation | https://theunion.org/our-work/union-courses |
| The Union e-course on CXR interpretation in children with presumptive TB (2023) | Online e-course companion to the Union Atlas reviewing the Atlas’ algorithmic approach to CXR interpretation; includes learning modules with reviews of various findings on CXR among children with presumptive TB | https://coursesonline.theunion.org/theunion/2023/interpretation-of-chest-x-rays-in-children-with-tb/393947/ |
| TB-SPEED CXR training to diagnose childhood TB | TB-Speed is a Unitaid funded project aimed at reducing childhood TB mortality by developing decentralized, cost-effective, and feasible diagnostic strategies to increase case-finding in children; presentation-based training covers common features and findings on CXR in children with pulmonary TB | https://www.tb-speed.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/TB-Speed_Interpret-Child-CHR.pdf |
| Diagnosis and Treatment | ||
| Making the best out of available tools and approaches: Summary guidance for microbiological and clinical diagnosis of pulmonary TB among children | An information note describing the complementary diagnostic approaches of microbiological testing and clinical evaluation and assessment; developed by the Pediatric TB Operational and Sustainability Expertise Exchange Taskforce of the Child and Adolescent TB Technical Working Group | https://www.stoptb.org/file/16091/download |
| WHO Global Laboratory Initiative: Practical manual for processing stool samples for diagnosis of childhood TB | Outlines practical guidance for collecting and processing stool samples for use with Xpert and Xpert Ultra; developed by the Global Laboratory Initiative, | https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240042650 |
| The KNCV Simple-One-Step Method Stoolbox: An implementation package for the SOS Stool method to detect TB and rifampicin resistance | A guide and toolkit outlining how to implement the simple-one-step stool processing method for Xpert and Xpert Ultra; developed by the KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation | https://www.kncvtbc.org/en/sos-stoolbox/ |
| Diagnostic CXR Atlas for Tuberculosis in Children: A Guide to Chest X-Ray Interpretation, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (2nd Edition, 2022) |
Outlines an algorithmic approach to evaluating CXRs in children and integrating these findings into treatment decisions based on classification of CXR features by radiological severity; presents numerous CXR images with detailed annotations | https://theunion.org/technical-publications/diagnostic-cxr-atlas-for-tuberculosis-in-children |
| Diagnostic CXR Atlas for Tuberculosis in Children: Image Library, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (2022) | A companion to the Union Atlas containing a collection of CXR images from children under 15 years of age who present with symptoms and signs of TB; CXRs in this library provide examples of features highlighted in the Union Atlas arranged into seven categories: uncomplicated lymph node disease, cavitary disease, complicated lymph node disease, consolidations, miliary TB, pleural effusions and other | https://theunion.org/technical-publications/diagnostic-cxr-atlas-for-tuberculosis-in-children |
| Clinical standards for Drug-Susceptible TB in Children and Adolescents. (2023) | Consensus clinical standards designed to provide guidance on ‘best practice’ for diagnosis, treatment and management of drug-susceptible pulmonary TB | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35768923/ |
| Management of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Children: A Field Guide, Sentinel Project for Pediatric Drug-Resistant TB (5th Edition, 2022) | Provides information on clinical and programmatic practice for managing MDR-TB in childrenes; includes case examples to demonstrate how recommendations can be put into practice; complements existing recommendations | https://sentinel-project.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/DRTB-Field-Guide-2021_v5.pdf |
| Prevention | ||
| WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis: module 1: prevention: tuberculosis preventive treatment | Companion implementation guide to the 2020 WHO guidelines on TPT, providing practical guidance on implementing TPT |
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240002906 |
| Tuberculosis Infection in Children and Adolescents: Testing and Treatment: Clinical Report and Guidance from the American Academy of Pediatrics (2021) | Guidance from the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Committee on Infectious Diseases; includes effective approaches to the testing and treatment of TBI in children and adolescents | http://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/148/6/e2021054663/1354238/peds_2021054663.pdf |
| PEPFAR TPT Implementation Guide and Toolkit | Provides guidance and tools for ministries of health to develop comprehensive TPT programs for PLHIV, including children; includes considerations for incorporating TPT into differentiated service delivery models for adults and children | https://www.state.gov/pepfar-solutions/resources-and-tools/tb-preventive-treatment-tpt-implementation-tools/ |
| Special Issues and Key Publications | ||
| Pathogens Special Issue: Recent Advances and Ongoing Challenges in the Management of Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents (2022) | Peer-reviewed “state-of-the-art” articles by recognized leaders in child TB research and clinical management, as well as perspectives on challenges for programmatic implementation in “real life” settings; addresses topics such as epidemiology, clinical care, prevention, and health systems strengthening for DS and DR TB in children and adolescents |
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/pathogens/special_issues/Tuberculosis_Children_Adolescents |
| Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Special Supplement: What’s New in Childhood Tuberculosis? (2022) | Experts in childhood TB address several aspects of the TB epidemic in children, including TB/HIV, COVID-19, medication interactions and adherence, diagnostics, new treatment regimens, vaccine development, and programmatic approaches to TB care and services |
https://academic.oup.com/jpids/issue/11/Supplement_3 |
| Advocacy and Program | ||
| WHO Roadmap for ending TB in children and adolescents (3rd Ed, 2023) | Presents important data and tools which can be used to consolidate and advance advocacy, commitment, resource mobilization and joint efforts by all stakeholders to provide health care and address the burden of TB among children | https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240084254 |
| The Union/CDC Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Child and Adolescent TB Virtual Centre of Excellence | A virtual network of public health experts in child and adolescent TB in the sub-Sahara Africa region, providing a community of learning and practice for child and adolescent TB; resources, training materials, webinars, and case discussions available on the website | https://theunion.us9.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6bdc29f3fb65cf617f7e060fa&id=07d0b79a2f&e=f06cc95456 |
| Checklist of and budgeting tools for including child and adolescent interventions in Global Fund Against AIDS, TB, and Malaria applications for TB programs |
Key activities and interventions related to the prevention and management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents that should be considered for inclusion in country proposals to strengthen programming and help closing the persistent policy-practice gap for child and adolescent TB |
https://www.stoptb.org/checklist-tb-interventions-gf-proposals
https://stoptb.org/wg/dots_expansion/childhoodtb/posee.asp |