Table 1.

Therapeutic applications in MSC-derived EVs.

MSC Origin	Target Therapy	Registration Year	Drug/Biomolecule Used	Models	Potential Outcomes	References
Cord blood	Type I Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)	2014		streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	reducing blood glucose levels, improving insulin sensitivity, and inhibiting β-cell apoptosis	[86,87]
Umbilical cord	Chronic kidney injury	2016	lipopolysaccharide	models of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease	reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis.	[88,89,90]
Human umbilical cord	Healing of Macular holes	2017		macular degeneration animal models	alleviation of inflammation and damage	[91,92]
Bone marrow	Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia	2019		experimental models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia	reducing inflammation, improving alveolarization, and promoting angiogenesis	[93,94,95,96]
Bone marrow	Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa	2020		Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa mouse models	promoting wound healing, reducing blister formation, and improving type VII collagen expression	[51,77,97,98]
Adipose tissue	Human Osteochondral Explants	2020		in vitro and ex vivo models, including human osteochondral explants	bone and cartilage regeneration, as well as in attenuating osteoarthritis progression	[99,100,101,102,103]
Bone marrow	A Tolerance Clinical Study on Aerosol Inhalation	2020		preclinical models	regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties	[77,104,105]
Adipose Tissue	Severe Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia	2020		porcine model	reducing virus entry and lung inflammation, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and regenerative properties	[51,106,107,108]
Adipose Tissue	ARS-CoV-2 Associated PneumoniaSARS-Cov2 pneumonia	2020		SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and ARDS models	reducing lung inflammation, promoting epithelial and endothelial recovery, and enhancing alveolar fluid clearance	[109,110,111]
Human umbilical cord	Dry Eye in Patients With cGVHD	2020		animal models	promoting corneal epithelial wound healing by modulating inflammation, promoting angiogenesis, and stimulating stem/progenitor cell proliferation	[112]
Adipose tissue	Periodontitis	2020		pre-clinical animal models	alleviating oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, and promoting tissue regeneration	[113,114,115,116]
Wharton’s jelly	Chronic Ulcer Wounds	2020		preclinical models	accelerating wound healing	[77,117]
Bone marrow	Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) After Surgical Repair of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection	2020		ischemia-reperfusion injuries	improving organ function (liver, lung, coagulation) and reducing MODS severity	[92]
Adipose tissue	Pulmonary Infection	2020	silica	mouse model of silica-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis	reducing collagen fiber content, granuloma size, and the number of macrophages and decreasing the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TGF-β in the lungs.	[118]
Adipose tissue	Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)	2020		in vitro and in vivo models of AD	ameliorating AD pathology and neuronal apoptosis	[104,119,120]