Table 2.
Recent studies presenting the degradation of antimicrobial agents using CAPP-based methods.
| CAPP System | Operational Conditions * | Target Antibiotic | Removal Efficacy (%) | Degradation Products Ion Masses (m/z) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanosecond pulsed DBD reactor | CV = 26.6 kV, f = 200 Hz, A = ambient air, 1 L min−1, DP = 0.93 W, V = 8.5 mL, T = 20 min, stationary system |
Enrofloxacin in water, 40 mg L−1 |
100 | 374, 356, 311, 243, 315, 362, 193, 293 | [83] |
| Nanosecond pulsed DBD reactor | CV = 17.4 kV, f = 200 Hz, A = ambient air, 1.0 L mins−1, DP = 1.21 W, T = 3 min, stationary system |
Ciprofloxacin in soil, 200 mg kg−1 |
99 | 412 (α-hydroperoxy amide and dihydroxy subset) | [84] |
| DBD reactor (with or without FeMn/activated carbon catalyst) |
CV = 8.5 kV, A = ambient air, 3 L min−1, V = 500 mL, T = 15 min, stationary system | Tetracycline hydrochloride in wastewater, 50 mg L−1 | 73.4 (DBD alone), 98.8 (DBD/Fe-Mn/activated carbon) |
461, 477, 448, 496, 416, 480, 405, 306, 274 | [85] |
| DBD reactor | CV = 36.5 kV, SFR = 4 L min−1, T = 31 min, semi-flowing system |
Amoxicillin in wastewater, 27.8–31.6 mg L−1 | 98.1 | Several degradation pathways proposed (theoretical modelling) | [87] |
| DBD reactor | f = 600 Hz, A = air or oxygen, DP = 12.9 W, V = 100 mL, T = 40 min, circulating system | Amoxicillin, 100 mg L−1 sulfamethazole, 80 mg L−1 in water |
100 | NA | [92] |
| DBD reactor | DP = 8.9 W, f = 60 Hz, A = dry air, V = 1000 mL, T = 20 min, stationary system | Lincomycin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, trimethoprim, in wastewater, 5 mg L−1 |
100 | NA | [93] |
| DBD reactor | CV = 10 kV, A = ambient air, 1 L min−1, stationary system |
Oxytetracycline in wastewater, 100 mg L−1 | 93.6 | 476.4, 432.3, 388.3, 340.3, 288.3, 239.3 | [94] |
| Pulsed DBD reactor with falling film | CV = 22 kV, f = 100 Hz, A = ambient air, 3.5 L min−1, SFR = 0.5 L min−1, T = 30 min, circulating system |
Tetracycline in water, 50 mg L−1 |
92.3 | 416, 428, 461, 477, 384, 224 | |
| DBD reactor | CV = 20 kV, f = 9.22 kHz, I = 1.05 A, V = 200 mL, SFR = 2 L min−1, A = ambient air, 3 L min−1, DP = 95.2 W, T = 20 min, circulating system |
Tetracycline in water, 200 mg L−1 |
96.5 | 416.1, 418.1, 303.1, 365.1, 406.1 | [96] |
| DBD reactor | DP = 90 W, f = 9.1 Hz, A = atmospheric air, V = 20 mL, T = 5 min, stationary system |
Chloramphenicol, 30 mg L−1, furazolidone, 30 mg L−1, either in water or wastewater |
Both 99.0 | Amino-functionalized moieties of antibiotics | [110] |
| Pulsed CD reactor | SFR = 4.5 L min−1, DP = 60 W, T = 24 min, circulating system |
Sulfamethizole in water, 50 mg L−1 |
100 | OH-sulfamethizole, 3 OH-sulfamethizole, 4 OH-sulfamethizole, carboxy-sulfamethizole |
[99] |
| CD above surface1, air bubbling CD2 |
CV = 3 kV, f = 5 kHz, I = 3 mA, A = ambient air, 1 L min−1, V = 50 mL, T1 = 90 min, T2 = 20 min, stationary system |
Oxytetracycline hydrochloride, 50 mg L−1, doxycycline hyclate, 50 mg L−1, in water |
70 (coxytetracycline1) 97 (doxycycline1) 100 (oxytetracycline2) 100 (doxycycline2) |
NA | [101] |
| Pulsed CD reactor | CV = 22 kV, I = 180 A, SFR = 4.5 L min−1, circulating system |
Amoxicillin, doxycycline, in water, 50 mg L−1 | both 100 | OH-amoxicillin, amoxicillin penicilloic acid OH-doxycycline and 2-OH-doxycycline |
[100] |
| Nanosecond pulsed CD | CV = 30 kV, f = 150 Hz, A = argon or air, 200 mL min−1, DP = 1.03 W, V = 15 mL, T = 50 min, stationary system |
Trimethoprim in water, 40 mg L−1 |
94.6 | short-chain carboxylic acids, CO2, H2O, NH4+, NO3− | [102] |
| Air bubbling CD | CV = 8 kV, f = 8 kHz, A = ambient air, 0.5 L min−1, V = 40 mL, T = 50 min, stationary system |
Amoxicillin in water, 1 mg L−1 | 99.9 | CO, CO2, H2O, diketopiperazine 366, 349, 196, 147, 79, 115, 90, 60 |
[103] |
| Pulsed CD with natural soil particles | f = 75 Hz, A = air, 6.0 L min−1, V = 300 mL, T = 10 min, circulating system |
Tetracycline in wastewater, 50 mg L−1 |
59.30 for black soil particles | 444, 461, 416, 400, 274, 238, 209, 149 | [104] |
| CD reactor | CV = 30 kV, A = ambient air, 4 L min−1, V = 600 mL, T = 15 min, stationary system |
Ofloxacin, 41.2 mg L−1, ciprofloxacin, 1.0 mg L−1, cefuroxime, 0.3 mg L−1, amoxicillin, 23.6 mg L−1, in wastewater |
72.1 99.6 99.2 75.8 |
NA | [86] |
| Argon APPJ | f = 670 Hz, DP = 32.6 W, A = argon, 2.5 L h−1, V = 30 mL, T = 24 min, stationary system |
Ciprofloxacin in wastewater, 10 mg L−1 | 93.4 | 363, 307, 263, 261, 347, 288 | [106] |
| pm-rf-APGD | f = 50 kHz, A = ambient air SFR = 2.8 mL min−1, continuous flow system |
Doxycycline in water, 51.5 mg L−1 |
79.0 | 417.1649, 461.1541 | [108] |
| pm-rf-APGD | f = 2300 Hz, duty cycle = 30%, A = ambient air, SFR = 3.0 mL min−1, continuous flow system |
Bisphenol A, bisphenol S, dexamethasone, benzophenone, 2-nitrophenol, 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol, dapsone, in the 7-component mixture in water, 1 mg mL−1 |
58.8 28.2 28.5 74.5 61.7 71.5 92.8 |
NA | [109] |
| dc-APGD | CV = 1200 V, I = 30 mA, A = ambient air, SFR = 3.0 min−1, continuous flow system | Bisphenol A, bisphenol S, dexamethasone, benzophenone, 2-nitrophenol, 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol, dapsone, in the 7-component mixture in water, 1 mg mL−1 |
58.6 36.9 35.4 68.6 58.0 75.0 69.0 |
NA | [109] |
| APPJ plasma brush | f = 66 kHz, duty cycle = 52%, A = helium, 7.0 L min−1, SFR = 1.0 mL min−1, continuous flow system |
Ofloxacin doxycycline ampicillin chloramphenicol in water, 10 mg mL−1 |
39.77 51.37 72.33 34.33 |
Detailed degradation pathways proposed for each antibiotics | [67] |
* CV, current voltage; I, discharge current; DP, discharge power; f, frequency; A, atmosphere; V, treated volume; T, treatment time, SFR, solution flow rate.