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The disrupted balance between promoters and inhibitors of vascular calcification that inclines towards the deposition of calcium and hydroxyapatite formation on the vessels. (ALP: Alkaline phosphate, BMP: Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, FGF-23: Fibroblast Growth Factor 23, MGP: Matrix Gla Protein, MMPs: Matrix Metalloproteinases, OPG: Osteoprotegerin, OPN: Osteopontin, OS: Oxidative Stress, PPI: Pyrophosphate Ions, TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha).
