Table 2.

Technologies used for 3D modeling.

No.	Technology	Frequency	Percentage of Identified Technologies (%)
1	BIM	77	20.8
2	Remote sensing	71	19.1
3	Stereo vision system/Photo processing programs	57	15.4
4	Augmented reality (AR)/Virtual reality (VR)	34	9.2
5	Deep learning, Reinforcement learning	23	7.3
6	Robots	16	4.3
7	Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)/Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS)	15	4.0
8	Topological model	9	2.4
9	Mesh simplification	9	2.4
10	Geographic information system (GIS)/Global positioning system (GPS)	8	2.2
11	Computer Vision	6	1.6
12	Finite element method	5	1.3
13	Web-based applications	5	1.3
14	Machine learning	4	1.1
15	Extended reality (ER)	3	0.8
16	Discrete element method	2	0.5
17	Others	27	7.3
Total		371	100.0