Table 6.

Geospatial technologies for 3D models.

No.	Technology	Description and Typical Application	Key References	Number of References
1	Remote sensing	Remote sensing data are typically collected using a variety of sensors, including visible and infrared cameras, radar, and light detecting and ranging. Remote sensing provides information about land usage, the earth’s surface, and infrastructure.	[32,68,84,87,95,96,97,98,99]	9
2	GPR	Benefits of using GPR for 3D modeling include improved site understanding, design, and construction in real-time. GPR data allow proper planning to avoid accidental damage to utilities during excavation.	[38,100,101,102]	4
3	GIS	GIS enhances visualization, improves decision-making and flexibility, and increases efficiency, scalability, and accessibility. Users may manipulate and analyze spatial data and create maps.	[63,81,103,104]	4
4	GPS	GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information to users worldwide. It beneficially allows accurate geolocation, spatial reference and scale, real-time tracking, and monitoring.	[105,106,107]	3
5	RFID	Using RFID in conjunction with computer-aided design (CAD), BIM, and other forms (GIS, GPS, and GPR) of 3D modeling may also strengthen jobsite management by reducing errors and rework.	[21,108,109]	3