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. 2023 Dec 14;326(3):F352–F368. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00205.2023

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

A combination of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and citrate ameliorates polycystic kidney disease (PKD) progression. A: gross kidney images of 8-wk water and BHB/citrate-supplemented male wild-type and Cy/+ rats. Scale = 1 cm. B: hematoxylin and eosin-stained kidneys from 8-wk male wild-type and Cy/+ rats supplemented with water or increasing concentrations of BHB/citrate in drinking water. Scale bar = 1 mm and 100 µm, respectively. C: 2-kidney to the bodyweight of water and BHB/citrate-supplemented male Cy/+ rats. D: cystic area of water and BHB/citrate-supplemented male Cy/+ rats. E: serum creatinine of water and BHB/citrate-supplemented male wild-type and Cy/+ rats. F: Sirius Red and Fast Green stain and quantification of water and BHB/citrate-supplemented male Cy/+ rats. Scale bar = 50 µm. G: smooth muscle actin (SMA-1) immunofluorescence and quantification of water and BHB/citrate-supplemented male Cy/+ rats. Scale bar = 50 µm. H: Ki67 immunofluorescence stain and quantification of water or BHB/citrate-supplemented male Cy/+ rats. Scale bar = 50 µm. Wild type: n = 12 (Water), n = 9 (40/30 B+C), n = 3 (60/40 B+C), n = 4 (80/60 B+C). Cy/+: n = 12 (Water), n = 5 (40/30 B+C), n = 6 (60/40 B+C), n = 6 (80/60 B+C). (Standard deviation and means represented. One-way ANOVA followed by ad hoc Tukey’s test was used for multiple comparisons. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001).