Table 2.
Data extracted from the reviewed studies including EMG sensors.
| Study | Obtained Parameter | Sensor Position |
Test Activity | Subject Characteristics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Number | Mean Age (Years) | ||||
| Surface EMG | ||||||
| Alves et al., 2015 [70] | PFM activity | Intravaginal | MVC in supine position | Women; Group 1: INC Group 2: CG |
Group 1: 18 Group 2: 12 |
INC: 66.11 ± 8.72 CG: 65.67 ± 9.21 |
| Albaladejo-Belmonte et al., 2021 [71] | PFM activity | Perineum | MVC in dorsal lithotomy position | Women; Group 1: >35, P Group 2: <35, NP Group 3: >18, CPP |
Group 1: 24 Group 2: 24 Group 3: 24 |
Group 1: 40.9 ± 7.2 Group 2: 28.1 ± 3.2 Group 3: 43.8 ± 8.8 |
| Albaladejo-Belmonte M. et al., 2021 [72] | PFM activity | Electrodes on the Labia Majora | Relaxed state, MVC in dorsal lithotomy position | Women; Group 1: CPP Group 2: healthy |
Group 1: 24 Group 2: 24 | Group 1: 43.8 ± 8.8 Group 2: 40.9 ± 7.2 |
| Bertotto et al., 2017 [73] | PFM activity | Intravaginal | MVC, coughs; lithotomy, supine, seated, and standing positions | postmenopausal women with INC Group 1: CG Group 2: PFME Group 3: PFME + BF |
Group 1: 14 Group 2: 15 Group 3: 16 |
Group l: 57.1 ± 5.3 Group 2: 59.3 ± 4.9 Group 3: 58.4 ± 6.8 |
| Kannan et al., 2022 [74] | PFM activity | Perineum | PFMT in lying, sitting and standing positions | Women INC; Group 1: PFMT with PelviSense Group 2: PFMT with BF Group 3: CG |
Group 1: 17 Group 2: 17 Group 3: 17 |
Group 1: 49.3 ± 5.5 Group 2: 52.5 ± 6.2 Group 3: 46.8 ± 8.3 |
| Chmielewska et al., 2019 [75] | PFM activity | Endovaginal | MVC in supine position, sEMG during 5 exercises in lying supine and standing position | Women; Group 1: PFMT with BF Group 2: Training with Pilates |
Group 1: 18 Group 2: 13 | Group 1: 52.9 ± 4 Group 2: 51.5–6 ± 5.2 |
| Capelini et al., 2006 [76] | PFM activity | Intravaginal | PFMT in lithotomy position | Women, INC; | 14 | 49.6 |
| Hirakawa et al., 2013 [77] | PFM activity | Intravaginal | PFMT | Women, INC; Group 1: PFMT Group 2: PFMT with BF |
Group 1: 23 Group 2: 23 |
Group 1: 58.3 ± 11.2 Group 2: 55.3 ± 9.8 |
| Blagg and Bolgla, 2023 [78] | PFM activity (levator ani) |
Perianal | Yoga poses | healthy, NP, regularly exercising females | 25 | 23.7 ± 2.2 |
| Voorham-van der Zalm et al., 2013 [79] | PFM activity | Intravaginal, Intrarectal | MVC, MEC, coughs, Valsalva maneuvers in supine (women) or side (men) position | Group 1: males Women: Group 2: NP, premenopausal Group 3: P, premenopausal Group 4: NP, postmenopausal Group 5: P, postmenopausal |
Group 1: 61 Group 2: 86 Group 3: 37 Group 4: 5 Group 5: 40 |
Group 1: 41 (19–70) Group 2: 24 (18–49) Group 3: 44 (32–56) Group 4: 54 (50–65) Group 5: 58 (51–72) |
| Moser et al., 2018 [80] | PFM activity | Intravaginal | CMJ, DJ | Women; Group 1: CON Group 2: INC |
Group 1: 28 Group 2: 22 |
21–58 |
| Leitner et al., 2016 [81] | PFM activity | Intravaginal | Running at 7, 11, and 15 km/h | Women; Group 1: CON Group 2: INC |
Group 1: 28 Group 2: 22 |
18–60 |
| Hodges et al., 2007 [82] | PFM activity, Activity of external anal sphincter (men) | Women: Intravaginal Men: Intrarectal |
Rapid arm movements, different types of breathing, in standing position | Women; Men; |
Women: 6 Man: 1 |
Women: 45.7 (35–63) Man: 30 |
| Koenig et al., 2020 [83] | PFM activity, wavelet analyses |
Intravaginal | Running 7, 11, and 15 km/h | Women; Group 1: CON Group 2: INC |
Group 1: 28 Group 2: 21 |
18–60 |
| Chen et al., 2005 [84] | PFM activity | Intravaginal | PFM rest and MVC standing, standing with the ankles dorsiflexed and plantar flexed | Women with INC; | 39 | 38–72 |
| Junginger et al., 2018 [85] | PFM activity | Intravaginal | Maximal and submaximal PFMC in upright position | Women; Group 1: CON Group 2: INC |
Group 1: 14 Group 2: 68 |
28–77 (median age 47) |
| Lee et al., 2019 [86] | PFM activity | Intravaginal, Intrarectal | Ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion in standing position and in long sitting position | healthy adults (Women, Men) without pelvic floor dysfunction |
Women: 33 Men: 28 |
Women: 43.04 Men: 37.86 |
| Navarro Brazález et al., 2020 [87] | PFM activity | Perineum | Hypopressive exercise in supine position with one leg raised, then in an orthostatic position | Parous women; | 66 | 45 |
| Chmielewska et al., 2015 [88] | PFM activity | Intravaginal | MVC in lying, sitting, standing position | Healthy nulliparous women; | 20 | 19–28 |
| Surface EMG-Periform | ||||||
| Sapsford and Hodges, 2001 [89] | MA of pubococcygeus | Women: Intravaginal Men: Intrarectal |
MVC; AMM in supine and standing position | Women; Man; |
Women: 6 Man: 1 |
Women: 45.7 (35–63) Man: 30 |
| Capson et al., 2011 [90] | PFM activity | Intravaginal | standing, coughing, Valsalva, MVC; load-catching task in three different standing postures | Women; NP | 16 | Between 22 and 41 |
| García-Arrabé et al., 2023 [91] | PFM activity | Intravaginal | Running at 9, 11, and 13 km/h with two types of shoes | Female recreational runners, NP | 10 | 20–38 |
| Smith et al., 2006 [92] | PFM activity | Intravaginal | Flex/extend their right arm as fast as possible in standing position | Women; Group 1: CON Group 2: INC |
Group 1: 14 Group 2: 16 |
Group 1: 52.5 Group 2: 49.8 |
| Sapsford et al., 2001 [93] | PFM activity | Intravaginal | MVC, lying with hips flexed to 60°, three different lumbar spine positions | Parous women; | 7 | 49.3 (39–64) |
| Needle EMG | ||||||
| Deindl et al., 1993 [94] | MA of pubococcygeal muscles | Percutaneously into pubococcygeal muscles | MA of pubococcygeal muscles during relaxation, MVC, squeezing, cough, Valsalva in supine and erect position | women; NP, CON | 10 | 22–32 |
| Shafik et al., 1991 [95] | MA of puborectalis muscle | Into puborectalis muscle | Coughing or Valsalva’s maneuver | Women; Men; |
Women: 9 Men: 10 |
38.6 (22–58) |