Table 7.
Data extracted from the reviewed studies including all other sensor technology, such as X-ray, electromagnetic tracking, photogrammetry, accelerometer, vibration, and infrared thermography.
| Study | Obtained Parameter | Sensor Position |
Test Activity | Subject Characteristics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Number | Mean Age (Years) | ||||
| X-ray | ||||||
| Lind et al., 1996 [132] | Thoracic kyphosis | X-ray | Standing in natural, upright postures, arms clasped overhead | Women; Group 1: advanced uterine prolapse Group 2: no evidence of prolapse |
Group 1: 48 Group 2: 48 |
matched age (±4 years) of Group 1 and Group 2 |
| Park and Han, 2015 [133] | Diaphragmatic motion with contraction of the PFM during breathing | X-ray | Diaphragmatic motion was measured before and during contraction of the PFM in a supine position | Healthy women | 20 | 22.5 |
| Nguyen et al., 2000 [134] | Angles of lumbar lordosis and pelvic inlet | X-ray | Participants standing in their usual upright posture, with their shoes on and their hands at chest level | Parous women; Group 1: with prolapse Group 2: without prolapse |
Group 1: 20 Group 2: 20 |
Group 1: 55.3 ± 9.0 Group 2: 53.4 ± 9.5 |
| EMT | ||||||
| Leitner et al., 2018 [135] | PFM kinematics | Sensor 1: vaginal probe Sensor 2: skin, second sacral vertebrae |
Running at speeds of 7, 11, and 15 km/h | Women; Group 1: CON Group 2: INC |
Group 1: 27 Group 2: 19 |
Group 1: 38.7 (18–60) Group 2: 45.3 (18–60) |
| Moser et al., 2019 [136] | PFM kinematics | Sensor 1: vaginal probe Sensor 2: skin, second sacral vertebrae |
CMJ and DJ | Women; Group 1: CON Group 2: INC |
Group 1: 24 Group 2: 21 |
Group 1: 39.3 (18–60) Group 2: 45.8 (18–60) |
| Photogrammetry | ||||||
| Szczygieł et al., 2018 [137] | Posture (head, pelvic, trunk) and breathing | Reflective markers on head, pelvic, and trunk | Different exercises | Participants without any respiratory disorders, chest deformations, pain complaints, or visible postural defects | 18 | 25.7 ± 3.5 |
| Zhoolideh et al., 2021 [138] | Lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis, head sagittal tilt angle, head coronal tilt, scapular alignment |
Reflex markers on anatomical landmarks | - | Women; Group 1: with PFDs Group 2: CG |
Group 1: 47 Group 2: 47 |
Group 1: 37.74 ± 6.29 Group 2: 37.43 ± 6.17 |
| Accelerometer | ||||||
| Niederauer et al., 2022 [139] | Intravaginal acceleration, pelvis acceleration |
Posterior fornix of the vagina | Running at different speeds | Women; Group 1: CON Group 2: INC |
Group 1: 7 Group 2: 10 |
Group 1: 39.8 ± 11.3 Group 2: 45.6 ± 11.8 |
| Bohorquez et al., 2020 [140] | Vaginal tilt angle, fornix tilt angle |
Anterior, posterior, and lateral areas of the fornix | Rest, Valsalva, MVC, with maximal hold, during repeated contractions in supine, seated and standing position | Women with INC | 10 | >18 |
| Vibration | ||||||
| Lauper et al., 2009 [141] | - | Whole-body vibration platform | MVC, different vibration intensities, vibration + MVC | Women; Group 1: Post-partum Group 2: CG |
Group 1: 17 Group 2: 21 |
Group 1: 31.7 ± 3.4 Group 2: 30.0 ± 4.7 |
| IRT | ||||||
| Da Silva et al., 2022 [142] | PF temperature | Camera perpendicular to the perineum | Rest, MVC in supine position (with bent knees and flexed and abducted hips) | Women; | 231 | 58.4 ± 6 |