TABLE 2.

Highlighted strategies of LMICs to address the local challenges of AMR.

Strategy	Country	Methods	Remedies	Successful outcomes
Roll Back Antimicrobial Resistance Initiative—(AMR School Club) [68]	Tanzania	The establishment of school clubs as a strategy to combat AMR	Students and community members were educated about behaviours that fuels AMR, like hygiene and sanitation, the impact of counterfeit drugs, and a one health approach in classroom sessions	Knowledge was improved from below 37% to above 90%
Improving the management of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Zambian women using an innovative community engagement approach [69]	Zambia	“Responsive Dialogues (RD) on Drug Resistance Infections” framework and toolkit were used in three locations to identify relevant solutions to mitigate AMR in the context of UTIs	RD facilitated dialogue, learning, and solutions to enable change in attitudes, behaviors, policies, and practices regarding the use of antimicrobials	The innovative RD approach helped in breaking some myths and misconceptions about UTIs and UTI management
Facilitating appropriate antibiotic use in respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children [70]	Kyrgyzstan	The C-reactive protein (CRP) and point of care test (POCT) were used to decide if antibiotics are needed for children with RTIs	A controlled trial to assess the efficacy of a POCT, a qualitative evaluation of its acceptability among healthcare workers and caregivers	A 10% reduction in the unnecessary use of antibiotics among children in the intervention group
Decrease in antibiotic sales in Brazil after new control legislation [71]	Brazil	A copy of the antibiotic prescriptions is to be retained by the pharmacy for audit and there is severe civil and criminal liability if antibiotics are sold without a prescription	Electronic monitoring was used to track information about the antibiotics	Reduction in sales of antibiotics
Impact of point-of- care CRP testing interventions on non-prescription dispensing of antibiotics for RTIs in private community pharmacies [72]	Nigeria	Private community pharmacies (PCPs) in Nigeria that participated were given CRP test kits and additional testing supplies. Staffs were trained in utilizing these kits and interpreting test results to differentiate between viral and bacterial causes in patients with suspected RTIs	CRP testing is used in pharmacies to differentiate between viral and bacterial causes in patients with suspected RTIs	The intervention group significantly reduced the rate of non-prescription antibiotic dispensing by about 16%
Educational intervention on acute respiratory infection management for pharmacies [73]	Bangladesh	Development of ARI guidelines for drug sellers and training on ARI management using developed guidelines at pharmacies drug outlets in each of the 10 zones in Dhaka city, Bangladesh	Drug seller’s response to compliance with guidelines in daily practice	About 99% of drug sellers found the training useful. For children, dispensing of antibiotics for uncomplicated ARI decreased by 9%