Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Characteristic | Undetectable UCPCR | Low UCPCR | Intermediate UCPCR | High UCPCR | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (n) | 241 | 91 | 54 | 103 | |
| Male sex (%) | 38.2 | 36.3 | 42.6 | 29.1 | 0.311 |
| Age (years) | 44 (30.0–54.0) | 39.0 (27.0–52.5) | 45.0 (29.5–56.0) | 34.0 (25.5–48.0) | 0.003 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 (23.2–28.3) | 25.0 (23.0–27.7) | 24.8 (22.7–27.1) | 23.2 (21.1–25.1) | <0.001 |
| Duration of T1D (years) | 25.0 (17.0–36.0) | 12.0 (6.0–23.0) | 10.0 (4.25–14.0) | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) | <0.001 |
| Age of T1D onset (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| <10 years | 34.4 | 9.9 | 1.9 | 0.0 | |
| 10–25 years | 45.2 | 47.3 | 40.7 | 35.9 | |
| >25 years | 20.3 | 42.9 | 57.4 | 64.1 | |
| TIR (%) | 60.0 (48.0–75.0) | 64.0 (51.0–75.0) | 67.5 (52.5–84.1) | 87.0 (65.5–94.0) | <0.001 |
| TAR (%) | 35.0 (21.0–49.0) | 34.0 (21.0–45.0) | 29.50 (11.3–43.5) | 11.0 (6.0–31.5) | <0.001 |
| TBR (%) | 2.0 (1.0–5.0) | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | 2.0 (1.0–4.8) | 1.0 (0.0–1.1) | <0.001 |
| Glucose CV (%) | 36.0 ± 7.7 | 36.0 ± 6.0 | 34.0 ± 7.7 | 27.7 ± 7.0 | <0.001 |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L) | 0.05 (0.05–0.05) | 0.05 (0.05–0.05) | 0.07 (0.05–0.12) | 0.17 (0.13–0.26) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 56.8 ± 11.3 | 56.9 ± 12.8 | 53.4 ± 9.7 | 52.7 ± 14.1 | 0.013 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 8.8 (7.2–11.4) | 8.80 (7.3–11.9) | 7.65 (6.0–10.1) | 7.3 (6.0–9.6) | <0.001 |
| UCPCR (nmol/mmol) | — | 0.06 (0.01–0.11) | 0.38 (0.24–0.45) | 1.22 (0.88–2.06) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucagon (pmol/L) | 2.95 (1.87–4.53) | 3.61 (2.08–5.64) | 3.90 (2.71–6.19) | 4.34 (2.52–7.39) | <0.001 |
| Glucagon/glucose ratio (pmol/mmol) | 0.31 (0.22–0.53) | 0.40 (0.22–0.64) | 0.53 (0.33–0.88) | 0.57 (0.36–0.92) | <0.001 |
| Sensor type (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Dexcom G6 | 12.2 | 10.6 | 14.8 | 8.3 | |
| FreeStyle Libre 2 | 67.6 | 76.5 | 83.3 | 86.5 | |
| Medtronic Guardian | 20.2 | 12.9 | 1.9 | 5.2 | |
| Insulin pump | |||||
| None | 76.7 | 61.1 | 40.7 | 39.0 | <0.001 |
| Manual | 14.6 | 33.3 | 42.9 | 34.0 | |
| Predictive low-glucose suspend | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | |
| Hybrid closed-loop | 6.8 | 1.9 | 13.2 | 20.3 | |
| DIY closed-loop | 1.9 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 4.6 | |
| Daily insulin dose (units/day) | 42.8 (30.8–56.0) | 35.9 (25.4–52.5) | 38.9 (29.3–53.1) | 26.0 (15.4–35.8) | <0.001 |
| Smoker (%) | 9.5 | 13.2 | 9.3 | 7.8 | 0.638 |
| Alcohol (units/day) | 0.3 (0.0–0.9) | 0.1 (0.0–1.0) | 0.3 (0.0–1.0) | 0.3 (0.0–0.9) | 0.924 |
| Any comedication (%) | 46.5 | 44.0 | 44.4 | 36.9 | 0.439 |
| ACR (units) | 0.5 (0.0–1.0) | 0.4 (0.0–0.70) | 0.0 (0.0–0.8) | 0.25 (0.0–0.83) | 0.011 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 51.5 | 25.6 | 14.8 | 6.8 | <0.001 |
| CVD (%) | 22.4 | 14.3 | 9.3 | 13.5 | 0.041 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131.4 ± 16.5 | 130.3 ± 18.4 | 128.6 ± 13.7 | 124.7 ± 17.7 | 0.007 |
| eGFR* | 105.6 (92.8–117.9) | 99.8 (86.6–111.8) | 103.7 (92.2–115.2) | 110.4 (97.2–120.4) | 0.234 |
Data are mean ± SD or median (IQR) unless otherwise indicated. Values of UCPCR are defined as undetectable (<0.01 nmol/mmol), low (0.01–0.2 nmol/mmol), intermediate (0.2–0.6 nmol/mmol), or high (>0.6 nmol/mmol). ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BP, blood pressure; DIY, do it yourself; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
*
By Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation.