Table 2.
Association between HbA1c and glycemic control (independently) and cognitive change (average 7 years from visit 1; laboratory measurement of HbA1c) in SOL-INCA
| b [95% CI] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | |
| Global cognition | |||||
| HbA1c (%) | −0.059*** [−0.084; −0.035] | −0.051*** [−0.076; −0.027] | −0.046*** [−0.070; −0.021] | −0.046*** [−0.070; −0.022] | −0.045*** [−0.070; −0.021] |
| Glycemic control (HbA1c) | |||||
| No diabetes | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Prediabetes | 0.05 [−0.04; 0.13] | 0.06 [−0.02; 0.15] | 0.08 [−0.01; 0.16] | 0.08 [−0.01; 0.16] | 0.08 [−0.00; 0.17] |
| Controlled | −0.07 [−0.25; 0.11] | −0.05 [−0.22; 0.12] | −0.04 [−0.21; 0.13] | −0.04 [−0.21; 0.13] | −0.04 [−0.21; 0.12] |
| Poorly controlled | −0.26*** [−0.37; −0.15] | −0.23*** [−0.34; −0.12] | −0.19*** [−0.30; −0.08] | −0.19*** [−0.30; −0.08] | −0.18** [−0.29; −0.07] |
| Unweighted n | 5,874 | 5,874 | 5,874 | 5,874 | 5,874 |
| B-SEVLT sum | |||||
| HbA1c (%) | −0.029* [−0.052; −0.006] | −0.020 [−0.042; 0.002] | −0.013 [−0.035; 0.009] | −0.013 [−0.034; 0.009] | −0.013 [−0.035; 0.008] |
| Glycemic control (HbA1c) | |||||
| No diabetes | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Prediabetes | 0.04 [−0.05; 0.13] | 0.06 [−0.03; 0.15] | 0.08 [−0.01; 0.17] | 0.08 [−0.01; 0.17] | 0.08 [−0.01; 0.17] |
| Controlled | −0.05 [−0.23; 0.13] | −0.03 [−0.19; 0.14] | −0.02 [−0.18; 0.15] | −0.02 [−0.18; 0.15] | −0.03 [−0.20; 0.14] |
| Poorly controlled | −0.16** [−0.26; −0.06] | −0.12* [−0.22; −0.02] | −0.07 [−0.16; 0.03] | −0.06 [−0.16; 0.03] | −0.07 [−0.16; 0.03] |
| Unweighted n | 5,858 | 5,858 | 5,858 | 5,858 | 5,858 |
| B-SEVLT recall | |||||
| HbA1c (%) | −0.019 [−0.044; 0.005] | −0.014 [−0.039; 0.011] | −0.010 [−0.035; 0.014] | −0.009 [−0.034; 0.015] | −0.012 [−0.036; 0.012] |
| Glycemic control (HbA1c) | |||||
| No diabetes | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Prediabetes | 0.03 [−0.05; 0.11] | 0.04 [−0.04; 0.12] | 0.05 [−0.03; 0.13] | 0.05 [−0.03; 0.13] | 0.04 [−0.04; 0.12] |
| Controlled | −0.08 [−0.27; 0.12] | −0.06 [−0.25; 0.13] | −0.05 [−0.24; 0.13] | −0.05 [−0.24; 0.14] | −0.08 [−0.27; 0.10] |
| Poorly controlled | −0.14** [−0.24; −0.04] | −0.12* [−0.22; −0.01] | −0.08 [−0.18; 0.02] | −0.08 [−0.18; 0.02] | −0.09 [−0.20; 0.01] |
| Unweighted n | 5,849 | 5,849 | 5,849 | 5,849 | 5,849 |
| WF | |||||
| HbA1c (%) | −0.051*** [−0.078; −0.024] | −0.041** [−0.068; −0.015] | −0.040** [−0.066; −0.014] | −0.037** [−0.063; −0.012] | −0.034* [−0.060; −0.008] |
| Glycemic control (HbA1c) | |||||
| No diabetes | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Prediabetes | 0.00 [−0.09; 0.09] | 0.02 [−0.07; 0.11] | 0.02 [−0.07; 0.11] | 0.02 [−0.07; 0.11] | 0.03 [−0.06; 0.12] |
| Controlled | 0.02 [−0.14; 0.18] | 0.06 [−0.10; 0.21] | 0.06 [−0.10; 0.21] | 0.06 [−0.09; 0.21] | 0.06 [−0.08; 0.21] |
| Poorly controlled | −0.23*** [−0.34; −0.11] | −0.18** [−0.30; −0.07] | −0.19** [−0.30; −0.07] | −0.18** [−0.29; −0.06] | −0.16** [−0.27; −0.04] |
| Unweighted n | 5,781 | 5,781 | 5,781 | 5,781 | 5,781 |
| DSS | |||||
| HbA1c (%) | −0.100*** [−0.129; −0.070] | −0.093*** [−0.123; −0.063] | −0.093*** [−0.123; −0.063] | −0.094*** [−0.124; −0.064] | −0.090*** [−0.120; −0.059] |
| Glycemic control (HbA1c) | |||||
| No diabetes | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Prediabetes | 0.06 [−0.03; 0.14] | 0.07 [−0.01; 0.16] | 0.07 [−0.01; 0.16] | 0.07 [−0.01; 0.16] | 0.09* [0.00; 0.18] |
| Controlled | −0.12 [−0.32; 0.07] | −0.10 [−0.30; 0.09] | −0.10 [−0.30; 0.09] | −0.10 [−0.30; 0.09] | −0.08 [−0.28; 0.12] |
| Poorly controlled | −0.31*** [−0.43; −0.19] | −0.28*** [−0.40; −0.16] | −0.28*** [−0.40; −0.16] | −0.28*** [−0.40; −0.16] | −0.26*** [−0.38; −0.13] |
| Unweighted n | 5,718 | 5,718 | 5,718 | 5,718 | 5,718 |
B-SEVLT focused on verbal episodic learning and memory, and DSS focused on executive function and processing speed. M1 adjusts for age, sex; M2 adds education; M3 adds additional adjustment for Hispanic/Latino heritage and study site (center); M4 adds depressive symptoms; M5 adds diet, physical activity, BMI, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Global cognition includes the consistently measured cognitive tests only (B-SEVLT sum and recall, WF, and DSS; excludes Trails A and B). For the categorical measure, the no diabetes group is the reference (ref.) in the models used to calculate the marginal estimates.
<.05
<.01
<.001