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. 2024 Jun 26;7(6):e2418729. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.18729

Figure 2. Meta-Analysis of the Time-Varying Estimates for the Association of Multivitamin Use and All-Cause Mortality.

Figure 2.

The proportional hazards assumption was violated (P < .001). Therefore, follow-up time was stratified by the midpoint, and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using an interaction term between follow-up period and the exposure variable. Maximum follow-up time was 24 years for the AARP cohort (172 496 participants; 78 523 deaths), 27 years for the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer cohort (42 732 participants; 15 898 deaths), and 26 years for the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) cohort (19 365 participants; 3149 deaths); follow-up period 1 was the first 12 years of follow-up and follow-up period 2 was the last 15 years of follow-up. Models were adjusted sex (male or female), age at enrollment (years), race and ethnicity (American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, or non-Hispanic White), education (≤11 years; 12 years, completed high school or General Educational Development; post–high school training; some college; college and postgraduate; or other), body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) category (<18.5, 18.5 to <25, 25 to <30, ≥30), marital status (married or living as married, divorced or separated, widowed, or never married), smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, current smoker ≤20 cigarettes/d, current smoker 21-40 cigarettes/d, or current smoker >40 cigarettes/d), alcohol consumption (0 drinks per day, <1 drink/d, 1 to <2 drinks/d, 2 to <3 drinks/d, ≥3 drinks/d), physical activity level (never, low, moderate, high), coffee intake (0 cups/d, <1 cup/d, 1 cup/d, 2-3 cups/d, 4-5 cups/d, or ≥6 cups/d), family history of cancer (yes or no), Healthy Eating Index 2015 quartile (NIH-AARP: quartile 1, 21.5 to <61.5; quartile 2, 61.5 to <68.6; quartile 3, 68.6 to <74.7; quartile 4, 74.7 to 98; PLCO: quartile 1, 28.5 to <60.8; quartile 2, 60.8 to <67.3; quartile 3, 67.3 to <73.1; quartile 4, 73.1 to 95; AHS: quartile 1, 21.9 to <55.3; quartile 2, 55.3 to <61.8; quartile 3, 61.8 to <68.2; quartile 4, 68.2 to 95), and use of individual supplements (yes or no).