Table 1.

EqPV-H infections in horses detected by country (n.a. = data not available).

Country	References	Clinical Status	Nature of Samples	Number of Horses	Pos qPCR (%)	Viral loads (Copies/mL)	Serology (%)	PCR Targets	qPCR Assays
USA	[4]	Theiler’s disease	serum /liver	1	100	n.a.	100	Unbiased amplification and high-throughput sequencing
		Experimental infection	serum	2	100	approx.107	100	n.a.	TaqMan assay
		No clinical signs	serum	100	13	n.a.	15	VP/NS	Nested PCRs
	[17]	Theiler’s disease	serum	10	90	n.a.	n.a.	VP	TaqMan assay
		In-contact		37	54	n.a.	n.a.
	[18]	Neurological signs	serum	13	15	n.a.	n.a.	VP	TaqMan assay
		Respiratory signs	serum	14	15	n.a.	n.a.
		No clinical signs	serum	41	17	n.a.	n.a.
	[19]	No clinical signs	serum	87	5.7	n.a.	n.a.	Capsid protein (2)	TaqMan assay
			nasal fluid	87	1.1
		Respiratory clinical signs	serum	667 (1)	6.9
			nasal fluid	667 (1)	1.2
China	[7]	No clinical signs	serum	143 (racehorses)	11.9	n.a.	n.a.	VP/NS	Nested PCRs
	[20]	No clinical signs	serum	60 (racehorses)	8.3	n.a.	n.a.	VP	Nested PCR
Germany	[14]	No clinical signs	serum	392 (thoroughbreds)	7.14	1.75 × 102 to 1.25 × 105	34.7	VP	TaqMan assay
Canada	[11]	Theiler’s disease/ in-contact	serum	51	47.1	3.75 × 103 to 3.64 × 107	n.a.	VP	TaqMan assay
Slovenia	[21]	Theiler’s disease	liver	4	100	1.26 × 104 to 2.04 × 109 (3)	n.a.	VP	TaqMan assay
Brazil	[22]	No clinical signs	serum	96	12.5	n.a.	n.a.	NS	Nested PCR
Republic of Korea	[23]	No clinical signs	serum	321	4.4	n.a.	n.a.	NS	Nested PCR
	[24]	(4)	serum	160	10.6	n.a.	n.a.	NS	Nested PCR
			fecal samples	114	5.3
Austria	[9]	No clinical signs	serum	259	8.9	n.a.	30.1	NS	Nested PCR
France	This study	No clinical signs of hepatitis	serum	256	4.7	2.3 × 102 to 6.5 × 102	n.a.	VP	TaqMan assay
Australia	This study	No clinical signs of hepatitis	serum	188	3.2	NQ (5)	n.a.	VP	TaqMan assay

VP: virion protein (capsid protein); NS: non-structural protein; ⁽¹⁾ Including 12 donkeys and 3 mules; ⁽²⁾ Designed in Pusterla’s study; ⁽³⁾ GE/million cells; ⁽⁴⁾ A total of 253 horses presented for medical treatment with clinical signs (n = 107), regular physical examination without clinical signs (n = 90) and blood doping test before racing (n = 56); ⁽⁵⁾ NQ: positive horses below the limit of quantification.