Table 3.
Clinical Features and Outcomes of Study Participants by SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination Status.
| Controls: SARS-CoV-2 Negative (n = 926) | Cases: SARS-CoV-2 Positive (n = 645) | p-Value | Never Vaccinated for COVID-19 (n = 886) | Primary Series Vaccine (n = 412) | p-Value | Primary Series + ≥1 Booster(n = 273) | p-Value(vs. Never Vaccinated) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI, median (IQR) | 28.1 [23.0, 35.1] | 29.9 [24.9, 36.5] | 0.0224 | 29.3 [23.8, 36.3] | 28.0 [23.2, 35.0] | 0.0640 | 28.2 [23.7, 34.7] | 0.0960 | |
| BMI by category * , No. (%) | <0.0001 | 0.0445 | 0.2959 | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 55 (5.9) | 14 (2.2) | 34 (3.8) | 27 (6.6) | 8 (2.9) | ||||
| Healthy (18.5–24.9) | 261 (28.2) | 149 (23.1) | 227 (25.6) | 106 (25.7) | 77 (28.2) | ||||
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 232 (25.1) | 156 (24.2) | 205 (23.1) | 106 (25.7) | 77 (28.2) | ||||
| Obese, class 1 (30.0–34.9) | 141 (15.2) | 121 (18.8) | 153 (17.3) | 68 (16.5) | 41 (15.0) | ||||
| Obese, class 2–3 (≥35.0) | 232 (25.1) | 185 (28.7) | 247 (27.9) | 103 (25.0) | 67 (24.5) | ||||
| Unknown | 5 (0.5) | 20 (3.1) | 20 (2.3) | 2 (0.5) | 3 (1.1) | ||||
| Chronic Conditions, No. (%) | |||||||||
| Chronic Respiratory Disease | 392 (42.3) | 161 (25.0) | <0.0001 | 280 (31.6) | 168 (40.8) | 0.0012 | 105 (38.5) | 0.0354 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 240 (25.9) | 74 (11.5) | <0.0001 | 140 (15.8) | 103 (25.0) | <0.0001 | 71 (26.0) | 0.0001 | |
| Asthma/Reactive Airway Disease | 168 (18.1) | 103 (16.0) | 0.2620 | 152 (17.2) | 69 (16.7) | 0.8555 | 50 (18.3) | 0.6589 | |
| Use oxygen supplementation at home | 129 (13.9) | 26 (4.0) | <0.0001 | 67 (7.6) | 52 (12.6) | 0.0033 | 36 (13.2) | 0.0043 | |
| Blood Disorder (e.g., Sickle cell disease) | 135 (14.6) | 68 (10.5) | 0.0190 | 96 (10.8) | 85 (20.6) | <0.0001 | 22 (8.1) | 0.1847 | |
| Cardiac Disease | 663 (71.6) | 375 (58.1) | <0.0001 | 502 (56.7) | 312 (75.7) | <0.0001 | 224 (82.1) | <0.0001 | |
| Arrhythmia | 158 (17.1) | 63 (9.8) | <0.0001 | 89 (10.0) | 77 (18.7) | <0.0001 | 55 (20.1) | <0.0001 | |
| Coronary Artery Disease | 139 (15.0) | 66 (10.2) | 0.0057 | 90 (10.2) | 60 (14.6) | 0.0209 | 55 (20.1) | <0.0001 | |
| Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) | 269 (29.0) | 104 (16.1) | <0.0001 | 180 (20.3) | 109 (26.5) | 0.0133 | 84 (30.8) | 0.0003 | |
| Hypertension | 598 (64.6) | 332 (51.5) | <0.0001 | 450 (50.8) | 275 (66.7) | <0.0001 | 205 (75.1) | <0.0001 | |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) | 34 (3.7) | 14 (2.2) | 0.0890 | 19 (2.1) | 11 (2.7) | 0.5576 | 18 (6.6) | 0.0003 | |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 222 (24.0) | 122 (18.9) | 0.0171 | 147 (16.6) | 109 (26.5) | <0.0001 | 88 (32.2) | <0.0001 | |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 17 (1.8) | 8 (1.2) | 0.4164 | 12 (1.4) | 4 (1.0) | 0.7878 | 9 (3.3) | 0.0639 | |
| Cystic Fibrosis | 10 (1.1) | 2 (0.3) | 0.1380 | 5 (0.6) | 4 (1.0) | 0.4765 | 3 (1.1) | 0.4012 | |
| Dementia | 24 (2.6) | 16 (2.5) | 0.8905 | 12 (1.4) | 12 (2.9) | 0.0524 | 16 (5.9) | <0.0001 | |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 282 (30.5) | 166 (25.7) | 0.0416 | 224 (25.3) | 123 (29.9) | 0.0832 | 101 (37.0) | 0.0002 | |
| Seizure Disorder | 29 (3.1) | 12 (1.9) | 0.1200 | 21 (2.4) | 11 (2.7) | 0.7459 | 9 (3.3) | 0.3878 | |
| Any immunosuppressive condition (incl. cancer, HIV) | 333 (36.0) | 162 (25.1) | <0.0001 | 254 (28.7) | 172 (41.7) | <0.0001 | 69 (25.3) | 0.2742 | |
| Cancer | 160 (17.3) | 53 (8.2) | <0.0001 | 86 (9.7) | 90 (21.8) | <0.0001 | 37 (13.6) | 0.0712 | |
| Chronic steroid use | 111 (12.0) | 76 (11.8) | 0.9022 | 100 (11.3) | 71 (17.2) | 0.0032 | 16 (5.9) | 0.0090 | |
| HIV/AIDS | 50 (5.4) | 22 (3.4) | 0.0637 | 51 (5.8) | 16 (3.9) | 0.1558 | 5 (1.8) | 0.0058 | |
| Solid Organ Transplant | 42 (4.5) | 46 (7.1) | 0.0277 | 34 (3.8) | 36 (8.7) | 0.0003 | 18 (6.6) | 0.0544 | |
| Hematopoietic Cell Transplant | 4 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0.6543 | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.5) | 0.2381 | 2 (0.7) | 0.1401 | |
| Splenectomy | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.0000 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | -- | 1 (0.4) | 0.2355 | |
| Rheumatologic/Connective Tissue Disease | 71 (7.7) | 34 (5.3) | 0.0614 | 60 (6.8) | 27 (6.6) | 0.8834 | 18 (6.6) | 0.9180 | |
| Stroke | 81 (8.7) | 40 (6.2) | 0.0626 | 56 (6.3) | 34 (8.3) | 0.2022 | 31 (11.4) | 0.0058 | |
| None | 56 (6.1) | 134 (20.8) | <0.0001 | 156 (17.6) | 22 (5.3) | <0.0001 | 12 (4.4) | <0.0001 | |
| Pregnant | 19 (2.1) | 21 (3.3) | 0.1361 | 32 (3.6) | 7 (1.7) | 0.0791 | 1 (0.4) | 0.0027 | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index **, median (IQR) | |||||||||
| Updated (uCCI) (range, 0–14) | 1 [0, 3] | 1 [0, 2] | <0.0001 | 1 [0, 2] | 1 [0, 3] | <0.0001 | 2 [1, 3] | <0.0001 | |
| Classical (cCCI) (range, 0–15) | 2 [1, 3] | 1 [0, 2] | <0.0001 | 1 [0, 3] | 2 [1, 3] | 0.0002 | 2 [1, 3] | 0.0003 | |
| Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection, No. (%) | <0.0001 | 0.1002 | 0.3612 | ||||||
| Yes | 166 (17.9) | 56 (8.7) | 114 (12.9) | 67 (16.3) | 41 (15.0) | ||||
| No | 760 (82.1) | 589 (91.3) | 772 (87.1) | 345 (83.7) | 232 (85.0) | ||||
| Hospital History, No. (%) | |||||||||
| Admitted to ICU | 229 (24.7) | 142 (22.0) | 0.2127 | 203 (22.9) | 106 (25.7) | 0.2675 | 62 (22.7) | 0.9448 | |
| Ventilator Support | 181 (19.5) | 118 (18.3) | 0.5341 | 168 (19.0) | 86 (20.9) | 0.4189 | 45 (16.5) | 0.3553 | |
| Hospital Discharge: | 0.4129 | 0.0071 | 0.0013 | ||||||
| Discharged to home | 804 (86.8) | 561 (87.0) | 773 (87.2) | 361 (87.6) | 231 (84.6) | ||||
| Discharged to assisted living | 39 (4.2) | 28 (4.3) | 32 (3.6) | 15 (3.6) | 20 (7.3) | ||||
| Discharged to another hospital | 10 (1.1) | 4 (0.6) | 7 (0.8) | 3 (0.7) | 4 (1.5) | ||||
| Discharged to hospice | 32 (3.5) | 14 (2.2) | 17 (1.9) | 18 (4.4) | 11 (4.0) | ||||
| Death | 20 (2.2) | 21 (3.3) | 23 (2.6) | 12 (2.9) | 6 (2.2) | ||||
| Other/Unknown | 21 (2.3) | 17 (2.6) | 34 (3.8) | 3 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | ||||
* BMI data was missing for 25 participants. ** Charlson comorbidity index definitions and weights used were applied as previously described, with exception of asymptomatic HIV/AIDS inclusion in the cCCI and uremia as a consideration for renal disease. Abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. BMI, body mass index. HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.