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. 2024 Jun 27;22:143. doi: 10.1186/s12915-024-01939-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Co-expression network analysis of marker genes and expressed TEs. A, C Co-expression modules of marker genes and TEs in human and mouse. Most TEs tend to cluster together as distinct modules (HME5 and MME5). B, D The expression patterns and top 10 hub genes/TEs of each module in human and mouse. TEs show a common upregulation trend in pre-HECs. In the case of mouse, this upregulation appears to occur even earlier, during the AEC stage. E, F TE composition (bar plot) and module connectivity (kME, violin plot) of HME5 and MME5. G, H Dot plots show the expression levels of selected common and species-specific TEs