Table 3.
EQ-5D values by respondents’ demographic characteristics
| N | T1 | T2 | T3 | Diff (T2 – T1) | Diff (T2 – T3) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EQ-5D-5 L index values | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | p-value a | Mean | p-value a | |
| Age group | |||||||||||
| 20–39 | 17 | 0.732 | 0.164 | 0.678 | 0.244 | 0.791 | 0.145 | -0.054 | 0.105 | 0.113 | 0.027* |
| 40–59 | 101 | 0.761 | 0.229 | 0.726 | 0.220 | 0.784 | 0.224 | -0.034 | 0.012* | 0.058 | 0.000*** |
| 60–79 | 147 | 0.759 | 0.211 | 0.730 | 0.232 | 0.799 | 0.218 | -0.029 | 0.001*** | 0.069 | 0.000*** |
| over 80 | 6 | 0.852 | 0.130 | 0.803 | 0.173 | 0.835 | 0.112 | -0.049 | 0.088 | 0.032 | 0.556 |
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Female | 142 | 0.708 | 0.251 | 0.662 | 0.257 | 0.736 | 0.255 | -0.046 | 0.000*** | 0.074 | 0.000*** |
| Male | 129 | 0.817 | 0.144 | 0.798 | 0.162 | 0.857 | 0.130 | -0.019 | 0.026* | 0.059 | 0.000*** |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||||
| White British | 256 | 0.756 | 0.117 | 0.722 | 0.160 | 0.791 | 0.113 | -0.035 | 0.000*** | 0.069 | 0.000*** |
| Other ethnicity | 15 | 0.822 | 0.218 | 0.816 | 0.229 | 0.839 | 0.218 | -0.006 | 0.803 | 0.023 | 0.528 |
| BMI group | |||||||||||
| Healthy weight | 78 | 0.778 | 0.182 | 0.753 | 0.203 | 0.829 | 0.189 | -0.026 | 0.067 | 0.077 | 0.000*** |
| Underweight | 1 | 0.893 | n/a | 0.793 | n/a | 0.793 | n/a | -0.101 | n/a | 0.000 | n/a |
| Overweight | 113 | 0.787 | 0.216 | 0.756 | 0.217 | 0.811 | 0.213 | -0.030 | 0.012* | 0.054 | 0.000*** |
| Obese | 79 | 0.702 | 0.230 | 0.658 | 0.251 | 0.735 | 0.229 | -0.043 | 0.000*** | 0.076 | 0.000*** |
| Alcohol drinking | |||||||||||
| Alcohol drinker | 168 | 0.792 | 0.189 | 0.761 | 0.191 | 0.823 | 0.191 | -0.031 | 0.001*** | 0.062 | 0.000*** |
| Non-drinker | 103 | 0.708 | 0.241 | 0.671 | 0.267 | 0.746 | 0.240 | -0.037 | 0.001*** | 0.075 | 0.000*** |
| Smoking | |||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 182 | 0.771 | 0.193 | 0.734 | 0.212 | 0.806 | 0.194 | -0.037 | 0.000*** | 0.072 | 0.000*** |
| Former Smoker | 61 | 0.804 | 0.166 | 0.765 | 0.176 | 0.819 | 0.185 | -0.039 | 0.009** | 0.054 | 0.000*** |
| Current Smoker | 28 | 0.589 | 0.332 | 0.596 | 0.351 | 0.657 | 0.327 | 0.008 | 0.827 | 0.061 | 0.047* |
| Cigarettes per day b | |||||||||||
| 1 to 9 | 20 | 0.664 | 0.371 | 0.683 | 0.324 | 0.741 | 0.328 | 0.018 | 0.669 | 0.059 | 0.041* |
| 10 to 19 | 40 | 0.733 | 0.218 | 0.688 | 0.254 | 0.745 | 0.244 | -0.046 | 0.028* | 0.057 | 0.01* |
| 20 to 29 | 22 | 0.748 | 0.179 | 0.727 | 0.204 | 0.779 | 0.192 | -0.021 | 0.062 | 0.052 | 0.059 |
| More than 30 | 7 | 0.926 | 0.059 | 0.890 | 0.106 | 0.942 | 0.080 | -0.035 | 0.000*** | 0.052 | 0.225 |
| Abdominal mass | |||||||||||
| None | 268 | 0.760 | 0.215 | 0.727 | 0.227 | 0.794 | 0.215 | -0.032 | 0.000*** | 0.067 | 0.000*** |
| Definite | 2 | 0.856 | 0.017 | 0.798 | 0.017 | 0.795 | 0.003 | -0.058 | 0.250 | -0.003 | 0.868 |
| Definite and tender | 1 | 0.673 | n/a | 0.483 | n/a | 0.755 | n/a | -0.190 | n/a | 0.272 | n/a |
| Instances of liquid stool passing per day | |||||||||||
| None | 98 | 0.795 | 0.230 | 0.762 | 0.246 | 0.817 | 0.237 | -0.034 | 0.002** | 0.055 | 0.000*** |
| 1 to 3 | 75 | 0.794 | 0.150 | 0.772 | 0.157 | 0.843 | 0.123 | -0.022 | 0.072 | 0.071 | 0.000*** |
| 4 to 5 | 46 | 0.729 | 0.183 | 0.704 | 0.179 | 0.761 | 0.193 | -0.025 | 0.140 | 0.057 | 0.003** |
| 6 or more | 52 | 0.671 | 0.256 | 0.618 | 0.275 | 0.709 | 0.259 | -0.054 | 0.013* | 0.091 | 0.001** |
| Blood in stools | |||||||||||
| None | 140 | 0.742 | 0.231 | 0.716 | 0.247 | 0.771 | 0.229 | -0.026 | 0.003** | 0.055 | 0.000* |
| Streaks of blood with stools in less than half of cases | 34 | 0.811 | 0.156 | 0.773 | 0.164 | 0.806 | 0.203 | -0.038 | 0.071 | 0.034 | 0.109* |
| Obvious blood with most of stools | 29 | 0.780 | 0.173 | 0.752 | 0.192 | 0.807 | 0.221 | -0.028 | 0.122 | 0.056 | 0.090* |
| Blood alone passes | 68 | 0.762 | 0.215 | 0.715 | 0.224 | 0.828 | 0.180 | -0.047 | 0.012* | 0.113 | 0.000* |
| Anaemia | |||||||||||
| No | 216 | 0.769 | 0.182 | 0.728 | 0.205 | 0.804 | 0.192 | -0.041 | 0.000*** | 0.076 | 0.000*** |
| Yes | 55 | 0.726 | 0.309 | 0.724 | 0.299 | 0.755 | 0.283 | -0.002 | 0.883 | 0.031 | 0.018* |
| Colonoscopy findings | |||||||||||
| No SBD (not life-threatening condition, no immediate action needed) d | 227 | 0.751 | 0.222 | 0.720 | 0.236 | 0.794 | 0.223 | -0.031 | 0.000*** | 0.074 | 0.000*** |
| SBD (not life-threatening condition, immediate action needed)e | 34 | 0.825 | 0.152 | 0.781 | 0.156 | 0.817 | 0.124 | -0.044 | 0.049* | 0.036 | 0.094 |
| SBD (life-threatening condition, urgent action needed)f | 10 | 0.738 | 0.164 | 0.696 | 0.200 | 0.709 | 0.235 | -0.042 | 0.089 | 0.014 | 0.623 |
SBD: severe bowel disease
a P-values derived from paired t-test for null hypothesis of difference in mean EQ-5D-5 L T1 = EQ-5D-5 L T2 and mean EQ-5D-5 L T2 = EQ-5D-5 L T3. * P-value ≤ 0.05; **p-value ≤ 0.01; *** p-value ≤ 0.001.
bQuestion answered by former smokers (n = 61) and current smokers (n = 28)
c Value unavailable owing to small number of observations
d Defined as colonoscopy results showing no indications of Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, or polyps < 10 mm
e Defined as colonoscopy results showing mild or moderate Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, or polyps > 10 mm
f Defined as colonoscopy results showing presence of cancerous lesion, severe Crohn’s disease or severe ulcerative colitis