Table 3.

Summary of the study characteristics multimodal

Study	Intervention type	Intervention description	Theoretical framework	Study design	Target population	Measure of effectiveness	Primary outcomes	Study setting
Calderon 2022 [78]	Other	Workshop including a short video on possible psychotic and depressive symptoms, La CLAve mnemonic device to describes the main symptoms of psychosis, and a narrative film to discuss its portrayal of symptoms	Mental health knowledge, self-efficacy, illness attributions, and help-seeking model	Pretest–Posttest Design	Latinx/endorse being born in Latin-American countries	Questionnaires adapted from previous studies which included some rating scales and mostly open-ended questions to minimize priming	Significant increase in psychotic symptoms reported as definition of serious mental illness (pre, M = 0.69, SD = 0.61; post, M = 1.23, SD = 0.90; p < 0.001) and ability to detect a serious mental illness in others (p < 0.05), in ability to detect a serious mental illness in others (pretraining: M = 2.83, SD = 1.31; posttraining: M = 3.24, SD = 1.27, p < .05), and decrease in participants' recommendations for nonprofessional help-seeking (pre: 49.4%, post: 25.9%, p = .001). No significant change in recommendations for professional help (pre: 64.2%, post: 72.8%, p = .25)	Local churches, community centers, and schools in Los Angeles, California
Chalela 2018 [79]	Other	Choices included three components: an educational interactive video, a low-literacy booklet, and care coordination by patient navigation	Social Cognitive Theory and the Stages of Change Model	Randomized Control Trial	Latina breast cancer patients ≥ 18 years old	Survey developed by researchers	Significant change on agreement with stages of readiness statements (p < .002)	UT Health San Antonio Cancer Center. San Antonio, TX
Cullen 2022 [80]	Other	Resident-led multidisciplinary quality improvement team developed intervention that included pictogram medication dosing instructions, teach-back, aid and educational materials	Model for Improvement and the PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act) cycles	Prospective cohort study	Caregivers and patients	Nursing teach-back assessments developed by researchers	Strong correlation between provision syringes and accurate medication administration (R = 0.84). Overall understanding of liquid acetaminophen administration instructions (report of medication name, purpose, dose, and frequency) improved from 39.8% to 74%	Publicly insured primary care clinic affiliated with a large tertiary medical center
Dunlap 2015 [81]	Other	Clinical encounters in which the patient interacts with someone who speaks the same native language at all times while in the clinical setting	None	Prospective cohort study	Families of Hispanic pediatric patients	Survey developed by researchers	Spanish speaking patients receiving care in Spanish showed the highest level of satisfaction (M = 6.91, S.D. = 0.30 p < 0.01) compared to using interpreters or to English speaking patients, they also had the highest perceived quality of information transfer during the visit (M = 6.91, S.D. = 0.20, p < 0.001)	Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, California
Lajonchere 2017 [71]	Other	Science Briefs to improve parental understanding of evidence-based causes and emerging treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder in published biomedical research	None	Randomized mixed method	Hispanic parents or their spouse/partner with ≥ 1 child with Autism Spectrum Disorder	Questionnaire developed by researchers	Increase prepost proportion of correct answers in knowledge test (0.46 [SD = 0.15] to 0.65 [SD = 0.16], p < 0.001)	Community based organization, region not specified
Mohan 2015 [82]	Other	PictureRx illustrated medication list depicting the medication, indication, and dosing instructions, accompanied by plain language bilingual text	None	Randomized Control Trial	Latinos with diabetes	Medication Understanding Questionnaire (MUQ)	Statistically significant difference in medication understanding between the PictureRx group (86.4 [SD, 12.6]) and the usual care group (76.4 [SD, 18.0]), the adjusted difference was 9.9 (95% CI, 5.7–14.2; p < .001). Not statistically significant increase in medication adherence in the intervention group (0.5 [95% CI, —0.1 to 1.1])	Safety net clinic. Nashville, TN
Vadaparampil 2022 [83]	Other	In-person workshop and online curriculum to facilitate identification, referral, and navigation of Latinas to genetic counseling/testing	Adult Learning Theory	Pretest–Posttest Design	Bilingual community outreach and education professionals providing services to Latinas	Validated HL tools	Significant increase in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer knowledge (p = 0.002), genetic health literacy for the Familiarity component (p < .0001), and self-efficacy (p < .0001)	Online portion and unspecified in-person location