Fig. 5.

Effects of ibuprofen and metformin on inflammatory mediators.

The effects of chronic treatment by ibuprofen (IBU; dark blue columns) and metformin (MET; bright blue columns) were compared with the ZDF vehicle control group (CONT; black columns) and lean controls (LEAN; light blue columns) after 30 days. Expression of inflammatory genes in whole blood (A) or epididymal adipose tissue (B) such as COX-2, ICAM-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was analyzed by TaqMan qPCR and expressed either according to the delta CT method (I) using GAPDH as internal control or the delta–delta CT method (II) compared to ZDF vehicle controls as described in “Materials and methods”. Mean values + standard deviation for the different treatment groups. *, **, and *** indicate significant differences from the ZDF vehicle control group with p < 0.05, 0.01 or 0.001, respectively, as analyzed by ANOVA analysis.