Table 1.

Variables and the Methods Used to Measure Them

Variable	Figure	Definition
Canine displacement	Figure 1	Palatally displaced canine: canines appearing palatal to a line connecting the roots of adjacent teeth at any level of canine crown. Coronal plane set at the posterior margin of the hard palate and sagittal plane in the midline of the hard palate.
Presence, type, and direction of nasal septal deviation (NSD)		Lateral and coronal views with soft tissue and teeth view control were chosen to do these measurements as follows: The axial line was placed at the level of the infraorbital line. The presence of septal deviation was identified by screening the nasal septum from the anterior to posterior borders of the nasal septum. Then, the type of nasal septum deviation was determined from coronal and axial views based on Mladina’s classification system.19 The direction of the deviation was recorded as right or left.
		Type I: Mild anterior deviation of the vertical ridge without reaching the nasal dorsum Type II: Moderate anterior deviation of the vertical ridge reaching the nasal dorsum Type III: Posterior vertical deviation of the vertical ridge at the level of middle turbinate Type IV: S-shaped deviation that involves the anterior and the posterior areas of the vertical ridge (a combination of type 2 and 3, each at one side) Type V: manifests as a horizontal deformity on one side of the nose with the other being flat Type VI: manifests as a bilateral involvement of the septum with dislocation of one side and deviation of the other side Type VII: represented as a combination of two or more types
Nasal width (mm)	Figure 2	Volume render (coronal view) with soft tissue and teeth view control and full half-coronal clipping and 2D measurements were chosen. The coronal plane is set at the infraorbital rim and the sagittal plane in the midline.
	Upper limit	Measured as the distance in millimeters from the nasal septum to the lateral border of the nose measured at the level of the infraorbital rim.
	Lower limit	Measured as the distance in millimeters from the nasal septum to the lateral border of the nose measured at the level of the nasal floor.
Thickness of inferior conchae (mm)	Figure 3	Coronal views with soft tissue and teeth view control were chosen to do these measurements as follows: the coronal line was set at level of canine area and the sagittal plane placed in the midline. Measured as the distance in millimeters from the inner and outer border of the inferior conchae in both canine and molar areas.
Palate thickness (mm)	Figure 4	A coronal view with soft tissue and teeth view control were chosen. Coronal plane set at the canine area and the sagittal plane in the midline of the hard palate. Measured at 5-mm distance lateral to the midline per side in canine and molar areas.
Maxillary bone volume (mm)3	Figure 5	Volume render (frontal view) with soft tissue and teeth view control and full half coronal clipping were chosen initially. The outline of maxillary bone were traced and isolated, following the outline of the bony maxilla(upper limit: ANS-PNS, lower limit: alveolar crest) using the free hand sculpture. Any other structures showing when maxillary bone is viewed from the different sections were trimmed. Maxillary bone volume was calculated by Invivo dental Anatomage software.
Nasal airway volume (mm)3	Figure 6	Volume render (frontal view) with soft tissue and teeth view control and full half coronal clipping were chosen initially. The outline of the nasal airway (upper limit is the infraorbital line and lower is the nasal floor) was traced and isolated following the outline of the bony maxilla using the free-hand sculpture. Any other structures showing when the maxillary bone is viewed from the different sections were trimmed. Nasal airway volume was calculated by Invivo dental Anatomage software.
HP length	Figure 7	Sagittal view with soft tissue and teeth view control was chosen. The distance in millimeters between the anterior nasal spine and posterior nasal spine was measured.
Nasal septum thickness	Figure 8	Coronal views with soft tissue and teeth view control were chosen to do these measurements as follows: The coronal line was set at level of canine area and sagittal plane placed in the midline. The width of the nasal septum was measured at this level of the level of the nasal floor in both the canine and molar areas.