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. 2024 Jul;30(7):1361–1373. doi: 10.3201/eid3007.240689

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Emerging Infectious Diseases is a publication of the U.S. Government. This publication is in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from this work may be reprinted freely. Use of these materials should be properly cited.

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Unaffected region of the mammary gland from a US dairy cow infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus, labeled with IAV-Np (yellow pseudocolor, DyLight 594), individually duplexed with MAL-I (red pseudocolor, Alexa Fluor 647), MAL-II (red pseudocolor, Alexa Fluor 647), and SNA (red pseudocolor, Alexa Fluor 647) using fluorescent staining. Representative merged images of IAV-Np/MAL-I (A, B), IAV-Np/MAL-II (C, D), and IAV-Np/SNA (E, F). IAV-Np labeling was not detected within unaffected mammary gland tissue sections. MAL-I labeling was neither observed in the epithelial cells (white arrows) lining the secretory alveoli (A) nor on the epithelial cells (white arrowheads) lining the interlobular ducts (B). Intense, apical, fibrillary MAL-II labeling was observed in the epithelial cells (white arrows) lining the secretory alveoli of unaffected mammary glands (C). MAL-II labeling was not observed in the epithelial cells (arrowheads) lining the interlobular ducts (D). Intense, apical, granular, membranous to cytoplasmic SNA labeling in the epithelial cells lining (white arrows) the secretory alveoli (E) and lining the interlobular ducts (arrowheads) (F) was observed. Scale bars indicate 50 μm. IAV-Np, influenza A virus nucleoprotein; MAL, Maackia amurensis lectin; SNA, Sambucus nigra lectin.